The use of low-level photogrammetry is very broad, and studies in this field are conducted in many aspects. Most research and applications are based on image data acquired during the day, which seems ...natural and obvious. However, the authors of this paper draw attention to the potential and possible use of UAV photogrammetry during the darker time of the day. The potential of night-time images has not been yet widely recognized, since correct scenery lighting or lack of scenery light sources is an obvious issue. The authors have developed typical day- and night-time photogrammetric models. They have also presented an extensive analysis of the geometry, indicated which process element had the greatest impact on degrading night-time photogrammetric product, as well as which measurable factor directly correlated with image accuracy. The reduction in geometry during night-time tests was greatly impacted by the non-uniform distribution of GCPs within the study area. The calibration of non-metric cameras is sensitive to poor lighting conditions, which leads to the generation of a higher determination error for each intrinsic orientation and distortion parameter. As evidenced, uniformly illuminated photos can be used to construct a model with lower reprojection error, and each tie point exhibits greater precision. Furthermore, they have evaluated whether commercial photogrammetric software enabled reaching acceptable image quality and whether the digital camera type impacted interpretative quality. The research paper is concluded with an extended discussion, conclusions, and recommendation on night-time studies.
This article presents an analysis of the possibilities of using the pre-degraded GoogLeNet artificial neural network to classify inland vessels. Inland water authorities monitor the intensity of the ...vessels via CCTV. Such classification seems to be an improvement in their statutory tasks. The automatic classification of the inland vessels from video recording is a one of the main objectives of the Automatic Ship Recognition and Identification (SHREC) project. The image repository for the training purposes consists about 6,000 images of different categories of the vessels. Some images were gathered from internet websites, and some were collected by the project’s video cameras. The GoogLeNet network was trained and tested using 11 variants. These variants assumed modifications of image sets representing (e.g., change in the number of classes, change of class types, initial reconstruction of images, removal of images of insufficient quality). The final result of the classification quality was 83.6%. The newly obtained neural network can be an extension and a component of a comprehensive geoinformatics system for vessel recognition.
One of the most important elements during photogrammetric studies is the appropriate lighting of the object or area under investigation. Nevertheless, the concept of “adequate lighting” is relative. ...Therefore, we have attempted, based on experimental proof of concept (technology readiness level—TRL3), to verify the impact of various types of lighting emitted by LED light sources for scene illumination and their direct influence on the quality of the photogrammetric study of a 3D urban mock-up. An important issue in this study was the measurement and evaluation of the artificial light sources used, based on illuminance (E), correlated colour temperature (CCT), colour rendering index (CRI) and Spectral power distribution (SPD) and the evaluation of the obtained point clouds (seven photogrammetric products of the same object, developed for seven different lighting conditions). The general values of the quality of the photogrammetric studies were compared. Additionally, we determined seventeen features concerning the group of tie-points in the vicinity of each F-point and the type of study. The acquired traits were related to the number of tie-points in the vicinity, their luminosities and spectral characteristics for each of the colours (red, green, blue). The dependencies between the identified features and the obtained XYZ total error were verified, and the possibility of detecting F-points depending on their luminosity was also analysed. The obtained results can be important in the process of developing a photogrammetric method of urban lighting monitoring or in selecting additional lighting for objects that are the subject of a short-range photogrammetric study.
Nowadays, maritime infrastructure is heavily exploited, which requires monitoring. The article presents the implementation of spatial information which are point clouds for monitoring and analysis of ...the area around the port (buildings and wharves). For this study, point clouds coming from terrestrial (TLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS), each of them having different accuracy, were used. An important part of the analysis was the integration of the two data sources. Through integration, the acquisition of information on areas not covered by the measurement in the presented case, one of the methods was possible for use (e.g. the roofs in case of TLS, or the lack of some of the walls of buildings in case of ALS). Another aspect was to use this data. Measurement of the shape and geometry of objects was executed. Additionally, the planeness analysis of individual elements of port infrastructure has been carried out. An interesting analysis was to determine the water level, based on relation to specific characteristics of the light reflectance.
This article presents the use of laser scanning technology for the assessment of bus bay geo-location. Ground laser scanning is an effective tool for collecting three-dimensional data. Moreover, the ...analysis of a point cloud dataset can be a source of a lot of information. The authors have outlined an innovative use of data collection and analysis using the TLS regarding information on the flatness of bus bays. The results were finalized in the form of colour three-dimensional maps of deviations and pavement type.
This article shows how complex emotions are. This has been proven by the analysis of the changes that occur on the face. The authors present the problem of image analysis for the purpose of ...identifying emotions. In addition, they point out the importance of recording the phenomenon of the development of emotions on the human face with the use of high-speed cameras, which allows the detection of micro expression. The work that was prepared for this article was based on analyzing the parallax pair correlation coefficients for specific faces. In the article authors proposed to divide the facial image into 8 characteristic segments. With this approach, it was confirmed that at different moments of emotion the pace of expression and the maximum change characteristic of a particular emotion, for each part of the face is different.
The paper presents the concept of using aerial and satellite imagery or images coming from the marine radar to identify and track vessels at sea. The acquired data were subjected to a highly advanced ...image analysis. The development of remote sensing techniques allows to gain a huge amount of data. These data are useful information source however usually we have to use different data mining methods to gain interested information. In this paper there is described a special approach based on specific approach coming from advanced image analysis method created for the purpose of tracking objects. Unfortunately, object recognition using image analysis involves some level of uncertainty. Therefore, in the final identification process we have to take into account the belief and the plausibility functions.
Nowadays, Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) are developing as innovative multifunctional tools to maximize urban ecosystem services such as storm water preservation, reduction of runoff and flood ...protection, groundwater pollution prevention, biodiversity enhancement, and microclimate control. Gdańsk is one of the first Polish cities to widely introduce rain gardens (one example of an NBS) in different areas such as parks, city center, main crossroads, and car parks. They involve different technical innovations individually tailored to local architecture, including historic buildings and spaces. Gdańskie Wody, which is responsible for storm water management in the city, adopted a pioneering strategy and started the construction of the first rain garden in 2018. Currently, there are a dozen rain gardens in the city, and this organisation's policy stipulates the construction of NBSs in new housing estates without building rainwater drainage.
Various types of rain gardens can be created depending on location characteristics such as geo-hydrology, as well as local conditions and needs. Furthermore, each of them might be equipped with specific technical solutions to improve the rain garden's function – for example, an oil separator or setter can be included to absorb the initial, most polluted runoff. During winter, the large amount of sodium chloride usually used to grit the roads may pose the greatest threat to biodiversity and plants. These installations have been included in a large rain garden in Gdańsk, located in the central reservation of the main streets in the city center.
This work presents various technical considerations and their impact on ecosystem functions, and the urban circularity challenges provided by rain gardens operating in different technologies and surroundings. The precipitation quantity and the following infiltration rate were estimated by installing pressure transducers. Furthermore, mitigation of the urban heat island was analysed based on remote sensing images.
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•Rain gardens as a smart tool for climate city adaptation•High variation in infiltration rate between monitored rain gardens•Infiltration rate of emptying to contribute to less flooding and drought mitigation•Variety of technical solutions tailored for a different types of urban runoff•Rain gardens as a unit for building system recovery in an urban circular economy
Since the establishment of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015, various perspectives on sustainable cities have been developed and adopted in ...order to achieve a better and more sustainable future. However, background research has revealed that these goals and targets are limited because they do not take into account the growing body of lighting-related research in diverse fields on the impact of outdoor illumination on humans, flora and fauna. Recently, exterior lighting has been also linked to environmental degradation and as an indirect contributor to the current climate change emergency. Therefore, this study aims, by using online interviews with over 50 experts who work in the field of artificial light at night (ALAN), to assess whether the SDG objectives adequately reflect the latest knowledge about sustainable cities. The Elsevier 2021 SDG mapping matrix was used to find the correlation between the keywords that define each SDG and the keywords used by a group of international experts. This work suggests there are missing targets in current SDGs, especially SDG 11, connected to sustainable cities and communities. It also offers useful guidance on how to rethink the existing approach of cities that aim for sustainability, by applying eight (8) key aspects of urban lighting for healthier and environmentally responsible outdoor illumination, by means of a correct design process, along with a five-step strategic plan of action. The crucial role of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary collaboration with experts has also been outlined, via the inclusion of new actors such as lighting professionals and researchers, who are currently absent in this important discourse.
A unified framework which provides a higher security level to e-passports is proposed. This framework integrates face, iris and fingerprint images. It involves three layers of security: the first ...layer maps a biometric image to another biometric image which is called biostego image. Three mapping schemes are proposed: the first scheme maps single biometric image to single biostego image, the second scheme maps dual biometric images to single biostego image, the third scheme divides the biometric image into sections and maps each section to different biostego image. A mapping function maps the intensity value of each pixel in the biometric image to pixels with same intensity in the biostego image. A representative pixel is randomly selected from the set of pixels, and its coordinates are recorded in the location map of the biometric image. In the second layer, the location map is encoded using fingerprint fuzzy vault. In the third layer, the encoded location map is hidden in the biostego image using steganography technique. The biostego image which contains the encoded location map is stored in the e-passport's memory. Keeping the mapping scheme secret and by using the fingerprints fuzzy vault to encrypt location map, the proposed approach provides higher level of protection against fraud.
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