Abstract Emotion information processing may occur in two modes which are differently represented in conscious awareness. Fast online processing involves coarse-grained analysis of salient features, ...and is not represented in conscious awareness; offline processing takes hundreds of milliseconds to generate fine-grained analysis, and is represented in conscious awareness. These processing modes may be studied using event-related electroencephalogram theta and delta synchronization as a marker of emotion processing. Two experiments were conducted, which differed on the mode of emotional information presentation. In the explicit mode subjects were explicitly instructed to evaluate the emotional content of presented stimuli; in the implicit mode they performed a gender discrimination task. Firstly, we show that in both experiments theta and delta synchronization is stronger upon presentation of “emotional” than “neutral” stimuli, and in subjects who are more sensitive, or experience higher emotional involvement than in less sensitive or detached subjects. Secondly, we show that in the implicit mode theta and delta synchronization is more pronounced in an early (before 250 ms post-stimulus) processing stage, whereas in the explicit mode it is more pronounced in a later processing stage. Source localization analysis showed that implicit processing of angry and happy (relative to neutral) faces is associated with higher early (before 250 ms) theta synchronization in the right parietal cortex and the right insula, respectively. Explicit processing of angry and happy faces is associated with higher late (after 250 ms) theta synchronization in the left temporal lobe and bilateral prefrontal cortex, respectively.
The neural underpinning of cooperative and competitive constructive activity has been investigated using mass-univariate approaches. In this study, we sought to compare the results of these ...approaches with the results of multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA). In particular, we wanted to test whether MVPA supports the claim made in previous studies that cooperation is associated with the activity of reward-related brain circuits. Participants were required to construct a pattern on the screen either individually or in cooperation or competition with another person during an fMRI scan. Both the MVPA classification methods and the representational similarity analysis indicated the involvement of orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal areas in processes that distinguish between cooperation and competition, and activation analysis showed that these areas are more active during cooperation than during competition. However, a single trial analysis showed that the effect was reversed when only winning trials were considered. In these trials, activation of reward-related areas was higher during competition than during cooperation. Moreover, the contrast between won and lost trials in terms of reward circuits involvement was sharper under competition than under cooperation. Thus, although cooperation can be generally more rewarding than competition, it is associated with smaller difference between trials lost and trials won in terms of reward circuits activation. One may speculate that in cooperation, victory and defeat are shared with the partner and, contrary to competition, are not experienced as personal achievement or failure.
•Highest classification accuracy of cooperation and competition is found in vmPFC.•Activation analysis shows that this area is more active during cooperation.•This effect is reversed when only winning trials are considered.•In competition, contrast between won and lost trials is sharper than in cooperation.
•MVPA was used to reveal the neural basis for individual differences in cooperative and competitive behavior.•Agreeableness correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns of neural activation ...and inter-subject similarity in the dynamics of neural responses during cooperation.•Aggressiveness correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns of neural activation and inter-subject similarity in the dynamics of neural responses during competition.•Results show that agreeable individuals are more involved in cooperative interactions, whereas aggression-prone individuals are more involved in competitive interactions.
Much evidence links the Big Five’s agreeableness to a propensity for cooperation and aggressiveness to a propensity for competition. However, the neural basis for these associations is unknown. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, using multivariate pattern analysis of data recorded during a computer game in which participants were required to construct target patterns either in cooperation or in competition with another person, we sought to determine how individual differences in neural representations of cooperative and competitive behavior relate to individual differences in agreeableness and aggressiveness. During cooperation, agreeableness was positively correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns of neural activation in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and showed positive correlations with inter-subject similarity in the dynamics of neural responses in the posterior default mode network hub and areas involved in the regulation of attention, movement planning, and visual perception. During competition, aggressiveness was positively correlated with the consistency of spatial patterns in the left and right TPJ and showed positive correlations with neural dynamics in visual processing and movement regulation areas. These results are consistent with the assumption that agreeable individuals are more involved in cooperative interactions with others, whereas aggression-prone individuals are more involved in competitive interactions.
One of the possible applications of magnetohydrodynamic flow control is considered. Namely, the surface heat flux mitigation by means of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) interaction in hypersonic flow ...around a blunt body. The 2D computational model realizes a coupled solution of chemically non-equilibrium ionized airflow in magnetic field. Heat- and mass-transfer due to the ablation of materials from the body surface is taken into account. Two cases of free-stream flow conditions are considered: moderate free-stream velocity (7500 m s−1) case and high free-stream velocity (11 000 m s−1) case. It is shown that the first flow case results in moderate ionization in the shock layer, while the second flow case results in high ionization. In the first case, the Hall effect is significant, and effective electrical conductivity in the shock layer is rather low. In the second case, the Hall effect reduces, and effective conductivity is high. Even if the Hall effect is strong, as in the first case, intensive MHD deceleration of the flow behind the shock is provided due to the presence of insulating boundaries, the bow shock front and non-conductive wall of the blunt body. In the second case, high effective conductivity provides a high intensity of MHD flow deceleration. In both cases, a strong effect of MHD interaction on the flow structure is observed. As a consequence, a noticeable reduction of the surface heat flux is revealed for reasonable values of magnetic induction. The new treatment of mechanism for the surface heat flux reduction is proposed, which is different from commonly used one assuming that MHD interaction increases the bow shock stand-off distance, and, consequently results in a decrease of the mean temperature drop across the shock layer. The new effect of 'saturation of heat flux' is discussed.
Many human diseases including cancer, degenerative and autoimmune disorders, diabetes and others are multifactorial. Pharmaceutical agents acting on a single target do not provide their efficient ...curation. Multitargeted drugs exhibiting pleiotropic pharmacological effects have certain advantages due to the normalization of the complex pathological processes of different etiology. Extracts of medicinal plants (EMP) containing multiple phytocomponents are widely used in traditional medicines for multifactorial disorders’ treatment. Experimental studies of pharmacological potential for multicomponent compositions are quite expensive and time‐consuming. In silico evaluation of EMP the pharmacological potential may provide the basis for selecting the most promising directions of testing and for identifying potential additive/synergistic effects. Multiphytoadaptogen (MPhA) containing 70 major phytocomponents of different chemical classes from 40 medicinal plant extracts has been studied in vitro, in vivo and in clinical researches. Antiproliferative and anti‐tumor activities have been shown against some tumors as well as evidence‐based therapeutic effects against age‐related pathologies. In addition, the neuroprotective, antioxidant, antimutagenic, radioprotective, and immunomodulatory effects of MPhA were confirmed. Analysis of the PASS profiles of the biological activity of MPhA phytocomponents showed that most of the predicted anti‐tumor and anti‐metastatic effects were consistent with the results of laboratory and clinical studies. Antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, radioprotective, neuroprotective and anti‐Parkinsonian effects were also predicted for most of the phytocomponents. Effects associated with positive effects on the male and female reproductive systems have been identified too.
Thus, PASS and PharmaExpert can be used to evaluate the pharmacological potential of complex pharmaceutical compositions containing natural products
Thomson scattering of the core edge and divertor plasma regions of a tokamak with reactor technologies is discussed. The rationale and choice of technical solutions are given, the composition of the ...Thomson scattering diagnostic complex is discussed, as well as an estimate of the accuracy of measuring both electron temperature and density. Particular attention is paid to ensuring the functionality of the proposed diagnostics in the reactor mode of the tokamak operation and the results of testing diagnostic equipment in the experiments on Globus-M2 tokamak.
A possible effect of electromagnetic field on high-speed ionized airflow is considered. Namely, the deceleration of a flying body due to the interaction of the electric current induced around the ...body with the magnetic field generated by an on-board magnetic system is studied. The principal scheme of magnetohydrodynamic interaction over the flat plate is presented. A physical and computational model of the magnetohydrodynamic interaction study corresponding to the Earth's re-entry flight conditions is described. The primary goal of the study is to demonstrate the deceleration effect in terms of standard aerodynamic drag. Two test cases are considered: a small-scale (lab-scale) interaction zone size and a large-scale (space-scale) one. The primary result of the study is to show the feasibility of increasing the total drag of the body by more than an order of magnitude relative to the original one. The effect can be achieved by means of practically reasonable magnetic field amplitudes. Common to both cases is that the total drag grows as the magnetic field increases. The difference between the two cases is that significantly smaller magnetic fields are required in the space-scale case to increase aerodynamic drag than in the the lab-scale case. In any case, the drag control could potentially be used as high-speed flow control.
The results of the numerical simulation of a periodic surface barrier discharge are presented. The purpose of the work is to study the mechanisms of the impact of the discharge on the medium (air at ...atmospheric pressure) inducing the air motion over the dielectric surface. The numerical simulation was carried out using a computer model that implements the integration of a system of two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations for the medium on the Twhole, the transport equations of charged particles and the Poisson equation for the electric potential. The particle deposition on the surface of a dielectric, which leads to charging of the dielectric, is considered in addition to volumetric processes (particle ionization, recombination, drift of charged particles in a strong electric field, concentration diffusion). Both force and thermal mechanisms affect the flow field in a periodic barrier discharge of small amplitude. The main effect of the discharge is the generation of a vortex flow, such that a jet with an average velocity of ~1–2 m/s is produced along the surface.
The presence of cloud shadows on remotely sensed images significantly complicates the analysis of the monitored area. The paper considers the problem of cloud shadows compensation on multispectral ...remotely sensed data. A new algorithm for cloud shadows detection and compensation based on a robust estimate of a local shadowing coefficient is proposed. Experimental results on shadow compensation quality for RGBN channels and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) index using the dataset of ten Sentinel-2 satellite multispectral images are presented. The results show that the compensation effect by the proposed algorithm on RGBN and NDVI data is 2 times better than that of the Gray-World-based algorithm.
Aim
To compare hemorrhagic safety of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (STEACS) after thrombolytic therapy (TLT).
Material and methods
...This nonrandomized study included 183 patients followed up for 30 days. Hemorrhagic safety was compared in a group of patients with STEACS (n=71) after a thrombolytic treatment with alteplase and early ticagrelor treatment (180 mg followed by switching to 90 mg twice daily) and in a group of patients (n=112) with STEACS receiving TLT with alteplase and clopidogrel (loading dose, 600 mg followed by switching to 75 mg daily). Primary endpoint was hemorrhage associated with TLT; patients were followed up for 30 days.
Results
During the follow-up period, TLT-associated hemorrhages were observed in 11.3% of patients in the ticagrelor treatment group and in 10.7% of patients in the clopidogrel treatment group (p=0.9; odds ratio, 1.06 at 95 % confidence interval, from 0.41 to 2.73). Intracranial hemorrhages and fatal hemorrhages were absent in both groups.
Conclusion
There were no significant differences in hemorrhagic safety between patients with STEACS after the TLT treatment with alteplase and early treatment with ticagrelor or clopidogrel.
PDF