The conventional baker’s yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, is the indispensable baking yeast of all times. Its monopoly coupled to its major drawbacks, such as streamlined carbon substrate ...utilisation base and a poor ability to withstand a number of baking associated stresses, prompt the need to search for alternative yeasts to leaven bread in the era of increasingly complex consumer lifestyles. Our previous work identified the inefficient baking attributes of
Wickerhamomyces subpelliculosus
and
Kazachstania gamospora
as well as preliminarily observations of improving the fermentative capacity of these potential alternative baker’s yeasts using evolutionary engineering. Here we report on the characterisation and improvement in baking traits in five out of six independently evolved lines incubated for longer time and passaged for at least 60 passages relative to their parental strains as well as the conventional baker’s yeast. In addition, the evolved clones produced bread with a higher loaf volume when compared to bread baked with either the ancestral strain or the control conventional baker’s yeast. Remarkably, our approach improved the yeasts’ ability to withstand baking associated stresses, a key baking trait exhibited poorly in both the conventional baker’s yeast and their ancestral strains.
W. subpelliculosus
evolved the best characteristics attractive for alternative baker’s yeasts as compared to the evolved
K. gamospora
strains. These results demonstrate the robustness of evolutionary engineering in development of alternative baker’s yeasts.
Case reports
Five dogs (4 with severe carpal contracture, 1 with a chronically infected carpal joint) underwent antebrachiometacarpal arthrodesis. Excision of all carpal bones, except the accessory ...carpal bone, was done, either because of persistent infection or to allow the manus to be arthrodesed in a functional position. All five dogs developed varying degrees of soft tissue swelling of the surgical site following surgery. All five arthrodeses achieved complete osseous union within 4–67 weeks. The immediate postoperative distal radiometacarpal frontal plane angulation ranged from 1° to 19° (mean ± SD: 7 ± 8°). The immediate postoperative distal radiometacarpal sagittal plane angulation ranged from 6° to 26° (mean ± SD: 17 ± 9°). Plate coverage of the secured metacarpal bone(s) ranged from 75% to 87% (mean ± SD: 80 ± 4%). Infection necessitated plate removal in four dogs, 3–17 (mean ± SD: 8 ± 6) months following surgery and 0–15 (mean ± SD: 5 ± 7) weeks following radiographic documentation of complete osseous union.
Conclusion
Despite one dog having marked elbow incongruency and degenerative joint disease and one dog having an ipsilateral radial nerve deficit, all five dogs improved and had acceptable limb function at the time of the final evaluation, which ranged from 25 to 296 (mean ± SD: 99 ± 111) weeks following surgery.
Trastuzumab Boekhout, Annelies H.; Beijnen, Jos H.; Schellens, Jan H.M.
The oncologist (Dayton, Ohio),
June 2011, Letnik:
16, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Trastuzumab is standard of care in the treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)‐2+ early and advanced breast cancer. Recently, it has been approved for the treatment of HER‐2+ ...advanced gastric cancer. Trastuzumab is an IgG1 humanized monoclonal antibody administered by intravenous infusion on a weekly or three weekly schedule. In all registered indications, trastuzumab is almost always given in combination with chemotherapy. In hormonal receptor‐positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women, trastuzumab can be combined with an aromatase inhibitor. Main toxicity is reduction in the left ventricular ejection fraction, which in a minority of patients can become symptomatic, but in many patients is at least partly reversible. Long‐term safety needs to be further determined.
摘要
曲妥珠单抗是人表皮细胞生长因子受体（HER）‐2＋的早期和晚期乳腺癌的标准治疗药物。曲妥珠单抗新近获准用于HER‐2+晚期胃癌治疗。曲妥珠单抗是一种人源性IgG1单克隆抗体，静脉滴注给药，每周一次或每三周一次给药。在所注册的适应证中，曲妥珠单抗总是与化疗联合使用。在绝经后激素受体阳性的乳腺癌患者中，曲妥珠单抗可与芳香酶抑制剂联合用药。曲妥珠单抗的主要毒性是左心室射血分数降低，少数患者可出现症状，但多数患者的左室射血分数至少部分可逆。长期安全性需要进一步明确。
The role of trastuzumab for the treatment of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–positive metastatic breast cancer is reviewed.
Many middle-aged and older adults (MAOAs) do not engage in sufficient physical activity (PA), despite its well-documented benefits for healthy aging. Existing PA interventions often fail to reach or ...engage the target population effectively. This study investigates MAOAs’ preferences for recruitment strategies to optimize the reach and uptake of PA interventions, thereby enhancing their impact on healthy aging and public health. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 39 MAOA participants (69% female, mean age = 69.46, SD = 7.07), guided by McGuire’s Theory on Persuasive Communication. Factors related to the source, message content, channel, receiver characteristics and target behavior of recruitment strategies were analyzed. Our findings suggest a preference for trustworthy sources (e.g., healthcare professionals over commercial entities) and positive, non-ageist messaging. MAOAs vary in their channel preferences but emphasize the importance of personalization. Despite heterogeneity, MAOAs commonly perceive themselves as sufficiently active, indicating a need for improved knowledge on what constitutes sufficient PA, as well as easy enrollment or trying out interventions. Tailoring recruitment strategies to diverse MAOA segments based on age seems crucial for effective engagement. Future research could explore quantitative research into how communication factors relate to various target population characteristics.
Juvenile awareness programs, such as Scared Straight, remain in use despite the finding that these programs provoke rather than prevent delinquency. The aim of this study was to examine what program ...components are associated with program effectiveness, which is important for improving these programs. A three-level meta-analysis was conducted. A literature search yielded 13 independent studies (N = 1,536) from which 88 effect sizes could be extracted. A nonsignificant overall effect was found (d = 0.10), indicating that juvenile awareness programs have no effect on offending behavior and other outcomes that are related to delinquency. No significant moderator effects were found for program components. The moderator analyses revealed that juvenile awareness programs are effective in reducing antisocial attitudes (d = 0.46), which has not been meta-analytically studied before. Furthermore, larger effects were found as follow-up length increased. These results show a more nuanced view on the effectiveness of juvenile awareness programs is necessary.
Cryptococcus gattii causes life-threatening infection of the pulmonary and central nervous systems in hosts with normal immunity and traditionally has been considered to be restricted geographically ...to tropical and subtropical climates. The recent outbreak of C. gattii in the temperate climate of Vancouver Island, BC, Canada, led to a collaborative investigation. The objectives of the current study were to ascertain the environmental source of the outbreak infections, survey the molecular types of the outbreak and environmental cryptococcal isolates, and determine the extent of genetic diversity among the isolates. PCR-fingerprinting and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were used to examine the genotypes, and mating assays were performed to determine the mating type of the isolates. All outbreak and environmental isolates belonged to C. gattii. Concordant results were obtained by using PCR-fingerprinting and AFLP analysis. The vast majority of clinical and veterinary infections were caused by isolates of the molecular type VGII/AFLP6, but two were caused by molecular type VGI/AFLP4. All environmental isolates belonged to molecular type VGII/AFLP6. Two or three subtypes were observed within VGII/AFLP6 among outbreak and environmental isolates. All mating-competent isolates were of the α-mating type. The emergence of this usually tropical pathogen on Vancouver Island highlights the changing distribution of this genotype and emphasizes the importance of an ongoing collaborative effort to monitor the global epidemiology of this yeast.
Trends in yeast diversity discovery Boekhout, Teun; Amend, Anthony S.; El Baidouri, Fouad ...
Fungal diversity,
05/2022, Letnik:
114, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Yeasts, usually defined as unicellular fungi, occur in various fungal lineages. Hence, they are not a taxonomic unit, but rather represent a fungal lifestyle shared by several unrelated lineages. ...Although the discovery of new yeast species occurs at an increasing speed, at the current rate it will likely take hundreds of years, if ever, before they will all be documented. Many parts of the earth, including many threatened habitats, remain unsampled for yeasts and many others are only superficially studied. Cold habitats, such as glaciers, are home to a specific community of cold-adapted yeasts, and, hence, there is some urgency to study such environments at locations where they might disappear soon due to anthropogenic climate change. The same is true for yeast communities in various natural forests that are impacted by deforestation and forest conversion. Many countries of the so-called Global South have not been sampled for yeasts, despite their economic promise. However, extensive research activity in Asia, especially China, has yielded many taxonomic novelties. Comparative genomics studies have demonstrated the presence of yeast species with a hybrid origin, many of them isolated from clinical or industrial environments. DNA-metabarcoding studies have demonstrated the prevalence, and in some cases dominance, of yeast species in soils and marine waters worldwide, including some surprising distributions, such as the unexpected and likely common presence of
Malassezia
yeasts in marine habitats.
Transcription factor Rme1 is conserved among ascomycetes and regulates meiosis and pseudohyphal growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The genome of the meiosis-defective pathogen Candida albicans ...encodes an Rme1 homolog that is part of a transcriptional circuitry controlling hyphal growth. Here, we use chromatin immunoprecipitation and genome-wide expression analyses to study a possible role of Rme1 in C. albicans morphogenesis. We find that Rme1 binds upstream and activates the expression of genes that are upregulated during chlamydosporulation, an asexual process leading to formation of large, spherical, thick-walled cells during nutrient starvation. RME1 deletion abolishes chlamydosporulation in three Candida species, whereas its overexpression bypasses the requirement for chlamydosporulation cues and regulators. RME1 expression levels correlate with chlamydosporulation efficiency across clinical isolates. Interestingly, RME1 displays a biphasic pattern of expression, with a first phase independent of Rme1 function and dependent on chlamydospore-inducing cues, and a second phase dependent on Rme1 function and independent of chlamydospore-inducing cues. Our results indicate that Rme1 plays a central role in chlamydospore development in Candida species.
Objective
To report complications and clinical outcome of dogs and cats that underwent fluoroscopic‐assisted percutaneous pinning (FAPP) of physeal fractures.
Study Design
Retrospective study.
...Animals
Client‐owned dogs (n = 37) and cats (n = 4).
Materials and Methods
Records (August 2007‐August 2014) of physeal fractures treated with FAPP in 3 hospitals were evaluated. Data collected included signalment, fracture characteristics (etiology, location, duration, Salter‐Harris classification, preoperative and postoperative displacement), surgical information (implant size, surgical duration), and outcome assessment information (functional outcome, radiographic outcome, and complications).
Results
The majority of animals (92%) were classified as full functional outcome. No significant predictors of functional outcome were identified. The overall complication rate was 15% (n = 6). Elective pin removal rate was 41% (n = 17). Goniometry and limb circumference measurements of the affected and contralateral limbs were not significantly different in dogs for which measurements were obtained. Seventeen of 18 animals (16 dogs, 2 cats) measured had bone length changes on follow‐up radiographs.
Conclusion
FAPP is associated with an excellent functional outcome in a narrow selection of fracture configurations, specifically those with minimal displacement and for which anatomical alignment can be achieved with closed reduction.
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