There is growing evidence that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP; particles smaller than Formula: see text) may play an underexplored role in the etiology of several illnesses, including ...cardiovascular disease (CVD).
We aimed o investigate the relationship between long-term exposure to ambient UFP and incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVA). As a secondary objective, we sought to compare effect estimates for UFP with those derived for other air pollutants, including estimates from two-pollutant models.
Using a prospective cohort of 33,831 Dutch residents, we studied the association between long-term exposure to UFP (predicted via land use regression) and incident disease using Cox proportional hazard models. Hazard ratios (HR) for UFP were compared to HRs for more routinely monitored air pollutants, including particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter Formula: see text (Formula: see text), PM with aerodynamic diameter Formula: see text (Formula: see text), and Formula: see text.
Long-term UFP exposure was associated with an increased risk for all incident CVD Formula: see text per Formula: see text; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.34, myocardial infarction (MI) (Formula: see text; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.79), and heart failure (Formula: see text; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.66). Positive associations were also estimated for Formula: see text (Formula: see text; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.48 per Formula: see text) and coarse PM (Formula: see text; HR for all Formula: see text; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.45 per Formula: see text). CVD was not positively associated with Formula: see text (HR for all Formula: see text; 95% CI: 0.75, 1.28 per Formula: see text). HRs for UFP and CVAs were positive, but not significant. In two-pollutant models (Formula: see text and Formula: see text), positive associations tended to remain for UFP, while HRs for Formula: see text and Formula: see text generally attenuated towards the null.
These findings strengthen the evidence that UFP exposure plays an important role in cardiovascular health and that risks of ambient air pollution may have been underestimated based on conventional air pollution metrics. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3047.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
CEKLJ, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
To investigate the relationship of circulating matrix Gla protein (MGP) species with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) or coronary heart disease (CHD) in type 2 diabetic patients.
EPIC-NL is a ...prospective cohort study among 40,011 Dutch men and women. At baseline (1993-1997), 518 participants were known to have type 2 diabetes. MGP levels were measured by ELISA techniques in baseline plasma samples. The incidence of fatal and nonfatal CVD and CVD subtypes-CHD, peripheral arterial disease (PAD), heart failure, and stroke-were obtained by linkage to national registers. Cox proportional hazard models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs), adjusted for sex, waist-to-hip ratio, physical activity, and history of CVD.
During a median 11.2 years of follow-up, 160 cases of CVD were documented. Higher circulating desphospho-uncarboxylated MGP (dp-ucMGP) levels were significantly associated with higher risk of CVD, with an HR per SD (HRSD) of 1.21 (95% CI 1.06-1.38), PAD (HRSD 1.32 95% CI 1.07-1.65), and heart failure (HRSD 1.75 95% CI 1.42-2.17) after adjustment. Higher circulating dp-ucMGP levels were not related to risk of CHD (HRSD 1.12 95% CI 0.94-1.34) or stroke (HRSD 1.05 95% CI 0.73-1.49). Circulating desphospho-carboxylated MGP and circulating total-uncarboxylated MGP levels were not associated with CVD or CVD subtypes.
High dp-ucMGP levels were associated with increased CVD risk among type 2 diabetic patients, especially with the subtypes PAD and heart failure, while other MGP species were not related to CVD risk. These results suggest that a poor vitamin K status is associated with increased CVD risk.
This longitudinal study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 containment measures on perceived health, health protective behavior and risk perception, and investigate whether chronic disease status ...and urbanicity of the residential area modify these effects. Participants (n = 5420) were followed for up to 14 months (September 2020-October 2021) by monthly questionnaires. Chronic disease status was obtained at baseline. Urbanicity of residential areas was assessed based on postal codes or neighborhoods. Exposure to containment measures was assessed using the Containment and Health Index (CHI). Bayesian multilevel-models were used to assess effect modification of chronic disease status and urbanicity by CHI. CHI was associated with higher odds for worse physical health in people with chronic disease (OR = 1.09, 95% credibility interval (CrI) = 1.01, 1.17), but not in those without (OR = 1.01, Crl = 0.95, 1.06). Similarly, the association of CHI with higher odds for worse mental health in urban dwellers (OR = 1.31, Crl = 1.23, 1.40) was less pronounced in rural residents (OR = 1.20, Crl = 1.13, 1.28). Associations with behavior and risk perception also differed between groups. Our study suggests that individuals with chronic disease and those living in urban areas are differentially affected by government measures put in place to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. This highlights the importance of considering vulnerable subgroups in decision making regarding containment measures.
OBJECTIVE—To examine the associations of coffee and tea consumption with risk of morbidity and mortality of stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD) and with all-cause mortality.
METHODS AND ...RESULTS—Coffee and tea consumption were assessed with a validated food-frequency questionnaire, and 37 514 participants were observed for 13 years for the occurrence of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A U-shaped association between coffee and CHD was found, with the lowest hazard ratio (HR 95% CI) for 2.1 to 3.0 cups per day (0.79 0.65 to 0.96; Ptrend=0.01). Tea was inversely associated with CHD, with the lowest HR (95% CI) for more than 6.0 cups per day (0.64 0.46 to 0.90; Ptrend=0.02). No associations between tea or coffee and stroke were found (Ptrend=0.63 and Ptrend=0.32, respectively). Although not significant, coffee slightly reduced the risk for CHD mortality (HR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.37 to 1.11; Ptrend=0.12) for 3.1 to 6.0 cups per day. A U-shaped association between tea and CHD mortality was observed, with an HR of 0.55 (95% CI, 0.31 to 0.97; Ptrend=0.03) for 3.1 to 6.0 cups per day. Neither coffee nor tea was associated with stroke (Ptrend=0.22 and Ptrend=0.74, respectively) and all-cause mortality (Ptrend=0.33 and Ptrend=0.43, respectively).
CONCLUSION—High tea consumption is associated with a reduced risk of CHD mortality. Our results suggest a slight risk reduction for CHD mortality with moderate coffee consumption and strengthen the evidence on the lower risk of CHD with coffee and tea consumption.
Objectives
This study evaluates the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) following breast cancer, accounting for baseline CVD risk.
Methods
Within the EPIC-NL (Dutch part of the European Prospective ...Investigation into Nutrition and Cancer) cohort, 1103 women were diagnosed with breast cancer. For every breast cancer patient, 3–4 women without breast cancer (
n
= 4328) were selected matched for age, year, and time since cohort enrollment. Based on CVD risk factors at cohort enrollment, 10-year risk of CVD was calculated and categorized: low (< 10%), intermediate (10–20%), high (> 20%). Cox proportional hazard models assessed the risk of CVD events (hospitalization or mortality) and CVD mortality of women with versus without breast cancer, adjusted for baseline CVD risk.
Results
After median follow-up of 5 and 6 years, 92 (8.3%) and 325 (7.5%) CVD events occurred in women with and without breast cancer, respectively. In the low CVD risk group, women with breast cancer had 1.44 (95% CI 1.00–2.06) times higher risk of CVD events than women without breast cancer. In the intermediate and high CVD risk categories, risk of CVD events was similar in women with and without breast cancer. Overall, women with breast cancer had 1.77 (95% CI 1.10–2.86) times higher risk of CVD mortality than women without breast cancer.
Conclusions
Among women with low CVD risk, women with breast cancer have a higher risk of CVD event than women without breast cancer. Overall, women with breast cancer have a higher risk of CVD mortality than women without breast cancer.
Whether intake of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), could prevent cardiovascular diseases is not yet clear. We examined the associations of ALA ...intake with 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in the Netherlands.
Data were collected from a general population of 20,069 generally healthy men and women, aged 20 to 65 years. Habitual diet was assessed at baseline (1993-1997) with a validated 178-item food frequency questionnaire. Incidences of CHD and stroke were assessed through linkage with mortality and morbidity registers. Hazard ratios (HR) were calculated with multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for age, gender, lifestyle, and dietary factors.
During 8-13 years of follow-up, we observed 280 incident CHD events (19% fatal) and 221 strokes (4% fatal). Intakes of energy-adjusted ALA in quintiles ranged from less than 1.0 g/d in the bottom quintile (Q1) to more than 1.9 g/d in the top quintile (Q5). ALA intake was not associated with incident CHD, with HRs varying between 0.89 and 1.01 (all p>0.05) in Q2-Q5 compared with the bottom quintile of ALA intake. For incident stroke, however, participants in Q2-Q5 had a 35-50% lower risk compared with the reference group. HRs were 0.65 (0.43-0.97), 0.49 (0.31-0.76), 0.53 (0.34-0.83), and 0.65 (0.41-1.04) for Q2-Q5 respectively.
In this general Dutch population, ALA intake was not associated with incident CHD. The data suggested that a low intake of ALA may be a risk factor for incident stroke. These results warrant confirmation in other population-based studies and in trials.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The adverse health effects of high ultraprocessed food and drink (UPFD) consumption are well documented. However, the environmental impact remains unclear, and the separate effects of ultraprocessed ...foods (UPFs) and drinks (UPDs) on all-cause mortality have not been studied previously.
To assess the association between levels of UPFD, UPF, and UPD consumption and diet-related environmental impacts and all-cause mortality in Dutch adults.
Habitual diets were assessed by a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) from 1993–1997 in 38,261 participants of the Dutch European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. The mean follow-up time was 18.2 y (SD = 4.1); 4,697 deaths occurred. FFQ items were categorized according to the NOVA classification. Associations between quartiles of UPFD, UPF, and UPD consumption and environmental impact indicators were analyzed using general linear models and all-cause mortality by Cox proportional hazard models. The lowest UPFD, UPF, and UPD consumption quartiles were used as comparator.
The average UPFD consumption was 181 (SD = 88) g/1000 kcal. High UPF consumption was statistically significantly inversely associated with all environmental impact indicators (Q4vsQ1: −13.6% to −3.0%), whereas high UPD consumption was, except for land use, statistically significant positively associated with all environmental impact indicators (Q4vsQ1: 1.2% to 5.9%). High UPFD consumption was heterogeneously associated with environmental impacts (Q4vsQ1: −4.0% to 2.6%). After multivariable adjustment, the highest quartiles of UPFD and UPD consumption were significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HRQ4vsQ1: 1.17, 95%CI: 1.08, 1.28 and HRQ4vsQ1: 1.16, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.26, respectively). UPF consumption of Q2 and Q3 were associated with a borderline significant lower risk of all-cause mortality (HRQ2vsQ1: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.00; HRQ3vsQ1: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84, 0.99) whereas Q4 was not statistically significant (HRQ4vsQ1: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.97, 1.15).
Reducing UPD consumption may lower environmental impact and all-cause mortality risk; however, this is not shown for UPFs. When categorizing food consumption by their degree of processing, trade-offs are observed for human and planetary health aspects.
Abstract Aim This study aimed to investigate the relationship between total dairy intake and dairy subtypes (high-fat dairy, low-fat dairy, milk and milk products, cheese and fermented dairy) with ...incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Methods EPIC-NL is a prospective cohort study among 33,625 Dutch men and women. At baseline (1993–1997), dairy intake was measured with a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The incidence of both fatal and non-fatal CHD and stroke was obtained by linkage to the national registers. Results During 13 years follow-up, 1648 cases of CHD and 531 cases of stroke were documented. Total dairy intake was not significantly associated with risk of CHD (hazard ratio per standard deviation (SD) increase = 0.99; 95%-CI: 0.94–1.05) or stroke (0.95; 0.85–1.05) adjusted for lifestyle and dietary factors. None of the dairy subtypes was to CHD, while only fermented dairy tended to be associated (p = 0.07) with a lower risk of stroke (0.92; 0.83–1.01). Hypertension appeared to modify the association of total and low-fat dairy with CHD (p interaction < 0.02). Among participants without hypertension, but not among hypertensive participants, total (0.92; 0.85–1.02) and low-fat (0.94; 0.87–1.02) dairy tended to be associated with a lower risk of CHD. Conclusion Our results provide no evidence that dairy products are associated with risk of CHD or stroke. High intakes of total and low-fat dairy may be associated with a lower risk of CHD among participants without hypertension, while fermented dairy could be associated with a reduced risk of stroke.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, which increases the risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Some argue ...that MetS is not a single disorder because the traditional MetS features do not represent one entity, and they would like to exclude features from MetS. Others would like to add additional features in order to increase predictive ability of MetS. The aim of this study was to identify a MetS model that optimally predicts type 2 diabetes and CVD while still representing a single entity.
In a random sample (n = 1,928) of the EPIC-NL cohort and a subset of the EPIC-NL MORGEN study (n = 1,333), we tested the model fit of several one-factor MetS models using confirmatory factor analysis. We compared predictive ability for type 2 diabetes and CVD of these models within the EPIC-NL case-cohort study of 545 incident type 2 diabetic subjects, 1,312 incident CVD case subjects, and the random sample, using survival analyses and reclassification.
The standard model, representing the current MetS definition (EPIC-NL comparative fit index CFI = 0.95; MORGEN CFI = 0.98); the standard model excluding blood pressure (EPIC-NL CFI = 0.95; MORGEN CFI = 1.00); and the standard model extended with hsCRP (EPIC-NL CFI = 0.95) had an acceptable model fit. The model extended with hsCRP predicted type 2 diabetes (integral discrimination index IDI: 0.34) and CVD (IDI: 0.07) slightly better than did the standard model.
It seems valid to represent the traditional MetS features by a single entity. Extension of this entity with hsCRP slightly improves predictive ability for type 2 diabetes and CVD.
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