Histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) may influence immune responses to rotavirus vaccination.
HBGA phenotyping was determined by detection of antigens A, B, H and Lewis a and b in saliva using ...enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Secretor status was confirmed by lectin antigen assay if A, B and H antigens were negative or borderline (OD ± 0.1 of threshold of detection). PCR-RFLP analysis was used to identify the FUT2 ‘G428A’ mutation in a subset. Rotavirus seropositivity was defined as serum anti-rotavirus IgA ≥ 20 AU/mL.
Of 156 children, 119 (76 %) were secretors, 129 (83 %) were Lewis antigen positive, and 105 (67 %) were rotavirus IgA seropositive. Eighty-seven of 119 (73 %) secretors were rotavirus seropositive, versus 4/9 (44 %) weak secretors and 13/27 (48 %) non-secretors.
Most Australian Aboriginal children were secretor and Lewis antigen positive. Non-secretor children were less likely to be seropositive to rotavirus antibodies following vaccination, but this phenotype was less common. HBGA status is unlikely to fully explain underperformance of rotavirus vaccines among Australian Aboriginal children.
During 2001, an outbreak of severe acute gastroenteritis swept through Central and northern Australia and caused serious disruption to health services. We tracked and characterized the rotavirus ...strain implicated in the outbreak. Comparison of the electropherotypes of outbreak samples suggested that one G9P8 strain was likely responsible for the outbreak. Samples were obtained from geographically distinct regions of Australia where the epidemic had occurred. The outbreak strains showed identical nucleotide sequences in genes encoding three rotavirus proteins, VP7, VP8, and NSP4, but they were distinct from G9P8 strains isolated in previous years. Several of the amino acid substitutions on the VP7 and NSP4 proteins were identified in regions known to influence function and may have contributed to the emergence and increased dominance of the outbreak strains. Rotavirus serotype surveillance should continue with methods capable of identifying new and emerging types.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Summary Background Despite the success of rotavirus vaccines, suboptimal vaccine efficacy in regions with a high burden of disease continues to present a challenge to worldwide implementation. A ...birth dose strategy with a vaccine developed from an asymptomatic neonatal rotavirus strain has the potential to address this challenge and provide protection from severe rotavirus disease from birth. Methods This phase 2a randomised, double-blind, three-arm, placebo-controlled safety and immunogenicity trial was undertaken at a single centre in New Zealand between Jan 13, 2012, and April 17, 2014. Healthy, full-term (≥36 weeks gestation) babies, who weighed at least 2500 g, and were 0–5 days old at the time of randomisation were randomly assigned (1:1:1; computer-generated; telephone central allocation) according to a concealed block randomisation schedule to oral RV3-BB vaccine with the first dose given at 0–5 days after birth (neonatal schedule), to vaccine with the first dose given at about 8 weeks after birth (infant schedule), or to placebo. The primary endpoint was cumulative vaccine take (serum immune response or stool shedding of vaccine virus after any dose) after three doses. The immunogenicity analysis included all randomised participants with available outcome data. This trial is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12611001212943. Findings 95 eligible participants were randomised, of whom 89 were included in the primary analysis. A cumulative vaccine take was detected in 27 (90%) of 30 participants in the neonatal schedule group after three doses of RV3-BB vaccine compared with four (13%) of 32 participants in the placebo group (difference in proportions 0·78, 95% CI 0·55–0·88; p<0·0001). 25 (93%) of 27 participants in the infant schedule group had a cumulative vaccine take after three doses compared with eight (25%) of 32 participants in the placebo group (difference in proportions 0·68, 0·44–0·81; p<0·0001). A serum IgA response was detected in 19 (63%) of 30 participants and 20 (74%) of 27 participants, and stool shedding of RV3-BB was detected in 21 (70%) of 30 participants and 21 (78%) of 27 participants in the neonatal and infant schedule groups, respectively. The frequency of solicited and unsolicited adverse events was similar across the treatment groups. RV3-BB vaccine was not associated with an increased frequency of fever or gastrointestinal symptoms compared with placebo. Interpretation RV3-BB vaccine was immunogenic and well tolerated when given as a three-dose neonatal or infant schedule. A birth dose strategy of RV3-BB vaccine has the potential to improve the effectiveness and implementation of rotavirus vaccines. Funding Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, the New Zealand Health Research Council, and the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute.
•Both OPV and rotavirus vaccines contain live, attenuated strains that replicate in the gut.•OPV and rotavirus vaccine co-administration has been associated with lower rotavirus immune ...responses.•RV3-BB is a novel human neonatal rotavirus vaccine that provides protection from rotavirus disease from birth.•OPV and RV3-BB co-administration did not reduce immunogenicity of either vaccine.•These findings support the use of RV3-BB where either OPV or IPV is used in the routine schedule.
The RV3-BB human neonatal rotavirus vaccine was developed to provide protection from severe rotavirus disease from birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential for mutual interference in the immunogenicity of oral polio vaccine (OPV) and RV3-BB.
A randomized, placebo-controlled trial involving 1649 participants was conducted from January 2013 to July 2016 in Central Java and Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Participants received three doses of oral RV3-BB, with the first dose given at 0–5 days (neonatal schedule) or ~8 weeks (infant schedule), or placebo. Two sub-studies assessed the immunogenicity of RV3-BB when co-administered with either trivalent OPV (OPV group, n = 282) or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV group, n = 333). Serum samples were tested for antibodies to poliovirus strains 1, 2 and 3 by neutralization assays following doses 1 and 4 of OPV.
Sero-protective rates to poliovirus type 1, 2 or 3 were similar (range 0.96–1.00) after four doses of OPV co-administered with RV3-BB compared with placebo. Serum IgA responses to RV3-BB were similar when co-administered with either OPV or IPV (difference in proportions OPV vs IPV: sIgA responses; neonatal schedule 0.01, 95% CI −0.12 to 0.14; p = 0.847; infant schedule −0.10, 95% CI −0.21 to −0.001; p = 0.046: sIgA GMT ratio: neonatal schedule 1.23, 95% CI 0.71–2.14, p = 0.463 or infant schedule 1.20, 95% CI 0.74–1.96, p = 0.448).
The co-administration of OPV with RV3-BB rotavirus vaccine in a birth dose strategy did not reduce the immunogenicity of either vaccine. These findings support the use of a neonatal RV3-BB vaccine where either OPV or IPV is used in the routine vaccination schedule.
Abstract This study documents rotavirus strains causing severe disease in Australian children during the pre-vaccine era. During the period 1997–2007, rotavirus strains from national multi-centre ...hospital-based surveillance in Australia were analysed for G and P types. G1P8 was the dominant genotype identified during the 11-year study, with intermittent peaks associated with genotypes G2P4, G3P8 and G9P8. The results provide baseline information of the G and P genotypes causing disease in Australian children, and highlight the unpredictable changes in genotype incidence that can occur on both a local and national level. To be optimally effective, rotavirus vaccines must prevent disease caused by all common rotavirus genotypes.
•Three outbreaks of G2P4 rotavirus disease occurred in the Northern Territory.•The 1999 and 2009 outbreak strains shared evolutionary origins.•The 2009 outbreak strain was an intragenogroup ...reassortant.•The 2009 outbreak was associated with moderate vaccine coverage.•The 2009 outbreak was associated with low vaccine efficacy.
Outbreaks of rotavirus diarrhea cause a large disease burden in the Alice Springs region of the Northern Territory, Australia. The introduction of the rotavirus vaccine Rotarix® has been associated with an increase in detection of G2P4 strains in many countries. However, G2P4 emergence has also been observed in vaccine-naive countries, suggesting a general global increase in the circulation of G2P4 strains.
A G2P4 rotavirus outbreak occurred in 2009, 28months after the introduction of the Rotarix® vaccine and 43 children were hospitalized. Pre-vaccine introduction, G2P4 strains were observed associated with large outbreaks in 1999 and 2004. To determine the genetic relationship between these strains whole genome sequence analysis was conducted on representative strains from each of the G2P4 outbreaks, in 1999, 2004 and 2009. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the majority of genes from 2009 outbreak strain clustered with contemporary global strains, while the VP7 gene clustered with contemporary and older strains and was antigenically distinct to the majority of contemporary global G2P4 strains; suggesting the strain was an intragenogroup reassortant. The 1999 and 2009 strains appear to share similar evolutionary origins, and both had a high degree of genetic identity to previously identified Australian and global strains. Conversely, the 2004 outbreak strain was more divergent in comparison to Australian and global strains.
The 1999 and 2004 outbreaks likely occurred due to the accumulation of immunologically naïve children in the population following low levels of G2P4 rotavirus disease in the community in the years prior to each outbreak. The 2009 outbreak was associated with moderate vaccine coverage in the population and vaccine efficacy against the strain was low. The circulation of this unusual strain in the population combined with low vaccine coverage and diminished vaccine efficacy likely contributed to the outbreak occurring in this population.
Identity (ID) badges and lanyards worn by pediatric health care workers (HCWs) have been shown to be potential vectors of nosocomial bacterial infections. This cross-sectional study determined the ...contamination of ID badges and lanyards worn by pediatric HCWs with common respiratory and gastrointestinal viruses. The results showed that ID badges and lanyards are not significantly contaminated with common respiratory or gastrointestinal viruses and are unlikely to be a significant vector for nosocomial infection.
Abstract Globally rotavirus is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in children. From March 2005 through February 2007, a prospective hospital-based surveillance study was conducted at a ...national hospital in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, to estimate the burden of rotavirus hospitalizations among children aged <5 years old and to determine strain patterns. Children with diarrhoea underwent standard clinical evaluations. Parents were interviewed for demographic and family information. Faecal specimens were tested for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and positive specimens were further characterized. Of 2817 hospitalized children with diarrhoea, 56% ( n = 1278) were positive for rotavirus antigen. The G1P8 strain was the most common genotype (53%) followed by G2P4 (10%). The findings suggest a need for improved prevention and control programs for rotavirus diarrhoea in Cambodia.
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![Rotavirus serotype G9P[8] a...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1080-6040_1080-6059/small "Rotavirus serotype G9P[8] and acute gastroenteritis outbreak in children, Northern Australia")
![Characterization of G2P[4] ...](http://api.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/image/issn/XR4PS5YY4K/1567-1348/small "Characterization of G2P[4] rotavirus strains causing outbreaks of gastroenteritis in the Northern Territory, Australia, in 1999, 2004 and 2009")
