Objectives
This study seeks to determine the potential use and reliability of a large language learning model for answering questions in a sub‐specialized area of medicine, specifically practice exam ...questions in otolaryngology–head and neck surgery and assess its current efficacy for surgical trainees and learners.
Study Design and Setting
All available questions from a public, paid‐access question bank were manually input through ChatGPT.
Methods
Outputs from ChatGPT were compared against the benchmark of the answers and explanations from the question bank. Questions were assessed in 2 domains: accuracy and comprehensiveness of explanations.
Results
Overall, our study demonstrates a ChatGPT correct answer rate of 53% and a correct explanation rate of 54%. We find that with increasing difficulty of questions there is a decreasing rate of answer and explanation accuracy.
Conclusion
Currently, artificial intelligence‐driven learning platforms are not robust enough to be reliable medical education resources to assist learners in sub‐specialty specific patient decision making scenarios.
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light induces DNA damage, predominantly cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6,4-photoproducts (6,4-PP), as well as rare, atypical photoproducts at thymidine-adenine ...(TA) sequences. We have recently shown ‘TA’ photoproducts are induced in UV-irradiated oligonucleotides and across the budding yeast genome. Here, we describe a protocol for mapping atypical ‘TA’ photoproducts in vitro and in vivo. This protocol overcomes the technical challenges involved in accurately mapping such rare photoproducts by using ultraviolet damage endonuclease (UVDE) enzymes.
For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Laughery et al. (2020).
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•UVDE enzyme cleaves ‘TA’ photoproducts in UV-irradiated oligos and the yeast genome•CPD photolyase treatment ensures only 6,4-PPs and atypical lesions are mapped•Bioinformatic pipelines precisely locate where these ‘TA’ lesions formed in vivo
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light induces DNA damage, predominantly cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) and 6,4-photoproducts (6,4-PP), as well as rare, atypical photoproducts at thymidine-adenine (TA) sequences. We have recently shown ‘TA’ photoproducts are induced in UV-irradiated oligonucleotides and across the budding yeast genome. Here, we describe a protocol for mapping atypical ‘TA’ photoproducts in vitro and in vivo. This protocol overcomes the technical challenges involved in accurately mapping such rare photoproducts by using ultraviolet damage endonuclease (UVDE) enzymes.
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a serious complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). In 2005 the National Institutes of Health (NIH) established new ...criteria for chronic GVHD based on retrospective data and expert recommendations. We prospectively evaluated the incidence of NIH-defined chronic GVHD and its prognostic impact in 178 consecutive patients. The cumulative incidence of chronic GVHD at 3 years was 64, 48 and 16% for chronic classic GVHD and overlap syndrome. Prior acute GVHD and myeloablative conditioning were significantly associated with increased risk of chronic GVHD. Three-year survival (overall survival (OS)) for late-acute GVHD, chronic classic and overlap chronic GVHD when assigned on day 100 were 69, 83 and 73%. OS was significantly worse for patients with platelet counts below 100 g/l at onset of chronic GVHD (35% versus 86%, P<0.0001) and progressive as compared with de novo and quiescent onset of chronic GVHD (54.5% versus 89.5% versus 84%, P = 0.022 and 0.001). Peak severity of chronic GVHD had no impact on non-relapse mortality (NRM) and OS. Recurrent acute GVHD, platelet counts below 100 g/l at diagnosis of chronic GVHD, progressive onset of chronic GVHD and advanced disease stage prior to HCT were significantly associated with increased NRM. This prospective analysis provides for the first-time data on the incidence rates of NIH-defined chronic GVHD categories and identified risk factors for the occurrence of chronic GVHD. A prognostic value of thrombocytopenia and progressive onset type of chronic GVHD for survival after HCT was observed in NIH-defined chronic GVHD.
The Cameron project has developed a language called single assignment C (SA-C), and a compiler for mapping image-based applications written in SA-C to field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The ...paper tests this technology by implementing several applications in SA-C and compiling them to an Annapolis Microsystems (AMS) WildStar board with a Xilinx XV2000E FPGA. The performance of these applications on the FPGA is compared to the performance of the same applications written in assembly code or C for an 800 MHz Pentium III. (Although no comparison across processors is perfect, these chips were the first of their respective classes fabricated at 0.18 microns, and are therefore of comparable ages.) We find that applications written in SA-C and compiled to FPGAs are between 8 and 800 times faster than the equivalent program run on the Pentium III.
Objectives
To assess the impact of applicant and program characteristics on preference signaling outcomes during the 2021 and 2022 application cycles in otolaryngology.
Methods
The Texas Seeking ...Transparency in Applications to Residency survey was used for otolaryngology applicants during the 2021 and 2022 match years. The primary outcome of interest was signal yield, defined as the number of interviews at signaled programs divided by the total number of signals sent. Associations with applicant‐reported characteristics, geographic connections to programs, and program reputation were assessed.
Results
On average 59.5% of signals resulted in an interview (signal yield). There was a positive correlation between the number of signals sent to a program with a reported geographic connection and signal yield, with each additional signal resulting in a 3.4% increase in signal yield (p = .03). Signal yield was positively associated with number of publications (p < .001); number of s, posters, and presentations (p = .04); and whether the applicant took a research year (p = .003). Applicants with higher USMLE Step 1 (p = .01) and Step 2 (p = .003) scores, publications (p = .03), volunteer (p = .008) and leadership (p = .001) experiences received a lower percentage of their total interviews from signaled programs whereas applicants from the 3rd (p < .001) and 4th (p = .03) cumulative class ranked quartiles received a higher percentage of their total interviews from signaled programs.
Conclusions
Signal yield appears to have a significant association with geographic connections to programs and applicant competitiveness. This study may help applicants, advisors, and programs maximize the benefit of the preference signaling system.
Levels of evidence: Level 4.
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for the determination and confirmation of the aminoglycosides streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, spectinomycin, apramycin, kanamycin, paromomycin, gentamicin and ...neomycin in cow’s milk as well as in bovine and porcine muscle and kidney was developed. Validation was performed on the basis of an in-house concept with different factor-level combinations in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. After extraction with trichloroacetic acid solution, clean-up was performed by way of SPE. LC-MS/MS analysis was carried out by means of an HILIC column for the separation of the analytes, and by using MS/MS in positive ESI mode to measure the transitions of the substances in MRM mode. For quantification, matrix calibration curves in the linear range around the MRLs as well as the internal standard tobramycin were used. The calculated validation parameters like CCα, CCβ, recovery (94–103%), relative repeatability RSDᵣ (3.6–9.7%), and relative within-laboratory reproducibility RSDwR (4.6–10.0%) fulfilled the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP1) is an important mediator of tumorigenesis, inflammation and tissue remodeling through its ability to degrade critical matrix components. Recent studies indicate that ...stromal-derived MMP1 may exert direct oncogenic activity by signaling through protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) in carcinoma cells; however, this has not been established in vivo. We generated an Mmp1a knockout mouse to ascertain whether stromal-derived Mmp1a affects tumor growth. Mmp1a-deficient mice are grossly normal and born in Mendelian ratios; however, deficiency of Mmp1a results in significantly decreased growth and angiogenesis of lung tumors. Coimplantation of lung cancer cells with wild-type Mmp1a(+/+) fibroblasts completely restored tumor growth in Mmp1a-deficient animals, highlighting the critical role of stromal-derived Mmp1a. Silencing of PAR1 expression in the lung carcinoma cells phenocopied stromal Mmp1a-deficiency, thus validating tumor-derived PAR1 as an Mmp1a target. Mmp1a secretion is controlled by the ability of its prodomain to facilitate autocleavage, whereas human MMP1 is efficiently secreted because of stable pro- and catalytic domain interactions. Taken together, these data demonstrate that stromal Mmp1a drives in vivo tumorigenesis and provide proof of concept that targeting the MMP1-PAR1 axis may afford effective treatments of lung cancer.
Objective
To examine how virtual away rotations might influence interview and match outcomes in otolaryngology.
Study Design
Cross‐sectional retrospective analysis of survey‐based study.
Setting
...United States medical students applying to otolaryngology residency in the 2020 to 2021 cycle.
Methods
The Texas Seeking Transparency in Application to Residency database was queried to identify otolaryngology applicants during the 2020 to 2021 cycle. The primary outcome was mean number of interview offers. χ2 tests, 2‐sided t tests, logistic regression models, and ordinary least squares regression models were used to examine associations with virtual away rotations.
Results
Among 115 otolaryngology applicants identified, 35 (30.4%) applicants reported completing 1 or more virtual away rotations. Applicants who completed at least 1 virtual away rotation received significantly more interview offers than their counterparts who did not participate in virtual away rotations (mean SD, 14.9 8.2 vs 11.6 7.9; P < .03). Each virtual away rotation completed was associated with an incremental increase of 2 additional interview offers (β coefficient: 2.29 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.8‐3.7; P < .01). Applicants who completed a virtual away rotation were more likely to receive an interview from that program (62.7% vs 16.8%, P < .01) and to match there (odds ratio 7.7 95% CI: 2.7‐21.7; P < .01) when compared to applicants who had not done the away rotation. Participation in virtual away rotations was not associated with significant improvement in match success (82.9% vs 67.5%; P = .09).
Conclusion
Virtual away rotations were associated with improved program‐specific interview and match outcomes, as well as a higher overall number of interview offers.
Objective
Otolaryngology residency applicants often struggle to gauge their competitiveness at programs due to the lack of information available, resulting in a rising number of applications. We ...aimed to evaluate otolaryngology websites for information pertaining to prospective applicants.
Study Design
Systematic content analysis.
Setting
Web.
Methods
We reviewed 50 otolaryngology websites from June to July 2021. We searched for information pertaining to the application process, including requirements, screening and/or selection processes, and average interviewee or matched resident statistics.
Results
All websites had a page for prospective applicants. Under half (n = 24, 48%) explicitly listed required application components. Only 23 (46%) mentioned the desired number of letters of recommendation, and only 2 (4%) noted the need for a letter from the department chair. The majority (n = 35, 70%) provided no information regarding the number of applications received or interviews granted. Most (n = 35, 70%) did not mention how candidates are evaluated. A minority (n = 14, 30%) provided very general metrics on which candidates are scored or ranked. Almost all (n = 49, 98%) did not mention screening processes in place to select applicants for interview. None provided information about the academic characteristics or demographics of their interviewed applicants, and only 1 (2%) included this information for matched applicants.
Conclusion
Otolaryngology websites contain limited information pertaining to the residency application process for prospective applicants, making it difficult for candidates to discern their competitiveness at programs and potentially contributing to match inefficiency.
A method was specifically developed for the determination and confirmation of streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in different types of honey. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive and was ...validated for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin in accordance with Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. After extraction with phosphate buffer and a pH change, clean-up was performed via SPE with polymeric phase. LC–MS/MS analysis was carried out using two different HILIC columns for the separation of the analytes and using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in positive ESI mode to measure the transitions of the substances in MRM mode. For the quantification of both substances, matrix calibration curves in a linear range of 5–80 g kg⁻¹ were used. The validation parameters established for streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin, CCα (11.8 and 11.5 µg kg⁻¹, respectively), CCβ (18.9 and 19.9 µg kg⁻¹, respectively), recovery (97 and 101%, respectively) and the relative within-laboratory reproducibility RSDwR (16.4 and 20.8%, respectively) at the recommended concentration of 40 µg kg⁻¹, fulfil the requirements of Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, GIS, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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