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► eeRo has antioxidant, vasodilator, anti-inflammatory activity as anti-ulcerogenic mechanisms. ► Ethanol induced macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical alterations. ► eeRo showed ...effective gastric protection against the ulcerative action of ethanol.
The pathology of a gastric ulcer is complex and multifactorial. Gastric ulcers affect many people around the world and its development is a result of the imbalance between aggressive and protective factors in the gastric mucosa. In this study, we evaluated the ethanolic extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (eeRo); this plant, more commonly known as rosemary, has attracted the interest of the scientific community due to its numerous pharmacological properties and their potential therapeutic applications. Here, we tested the preventive effects of eeRo against gastric ulcer induced by 70% ethanol in male Wistar rats. In addition, we aimed to clarify the mechanism involved in the preventive action of the eeRo in gastric ulcers. Based on the analysis of markers of oxidative damage and enzymatic antioxidant defense systems, the measurement of nitrite and nitrate levels and the assessment of the inflammatory response, the eeRo exhibited significant antioxidant, vasodilator and antiinflammatory properties.
Research results reporting the effect of under periods of induced salt stress on biomass production, yield and composition of the essential oil of rosemary are scarce. The aim of this study was to ...evaluate phytomass production and essential oil yield of basil plants (Ocimum basilicum L. 'Basilicão') in soilless cultivation under different levels of salt stress, in addition to analyzing their phytochemistry. Four periods of salt stress were evaluated in summer and winter experiments: 0, 10, 20 and 30 days. The analyzed variables were fresh mass (FM), dry mass (DM), number of inflorescences (NI), essential oil yield (EOY), and phytochemistry. A completely randomized design was used, and the data were submitted to analysis of variance and evaluated by polynomial regression. Salt stress reduces leaf and stem FM and DM and the FM of total aerial part, in summer and in winter; it increases FM, DM, and NI in summer; there is no difference in FM, DM or NI in winter; and no difference in DM of total aerial part in both seasons. Leaf EOY reduces under salt stress during both seasons, as well as total EOY in winter. Inflorescence EOY increases in summer. Linalool, the main component of the oil, increases under salt stress.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the S. paranense crude extract, S. paranense alkaloid fraction, and solanine alkaloid. These samples reduce the croton ...oil-induced ear edema in a dose-dependent manner and a maximum inhibition of 81%, 98%, and 80% in the doses of 1.0, 0.73, and 0.37 mg/ear, respectively. Moreover, the samples inhibit the MPO activity with an inhibition maximum of 51%, 40%, and 46% in the doses of 1.0, 0.73, and 0.37 mg/ear, respectively. Similar results were found for dexamethasone 0.10 mg/ear (positive control), which showed inhibitions of ear edema and MPO activity of 100% and 65%, respectively. These results found probably are related to the presence of solanine which is present in significant quantity in the alkaloid fraction and others as rutin and rosmarinic, chlorogenic, and gallic acids. These results support the use of S. paranense for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders.
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•Raw sorghum grains extract was rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids.•The extract exhibited strong enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities.•Levels of phenolic compounds ...decreased with increasing roasting temperature.•Enzymes inhibitory activity decreased with increasing roasting temperature.•Antioxidant activity increased as the roasting temperature increased.
Whole grain cereals are important dietary sources for management of metabolic diseases due to the bioactive components they contain. Hence, this study investigated enzymes (pancreatic lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, xanthine oxidase and angiotensin 1-converting enzyme) inhibitory property, antioxidant activity and phenolics profile of raw and roasted red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) grains in vitro. Extracts of flours of raw and roasted (150 °C and 180 °C, for 20 min) grains were assayed for enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities using spectrophotometric methods; while their phenolic constituents were characterized using HPLC-DAD. The raw grains exhibited strong enzymes inhibitory and antioxidant activities, and contained phenolic acids (gallic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ellagic and p-coumaric acids) and flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin and apigenin). However, whereas the enzymes inhibitory activity and levels of the phenolic compounds in the grains decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing roasting temperature, the antioxidant activity increased. Hence, roasting at high temperature may not be recommended for the optimum retention of the enzymes inhibitory property and phenolic compounds of red sorghum grains.
•In this study, it was demonstrated the in vitro inhibitory effect of gallic acid in the MMP-2 activity.•Ethyl acetate fraction from M. officinalis presented the highest flavonoids content and ...antioxidant properties.•Ethyl acetate fraction from M. officinalis exhibited a moderate inhibition of cerebral acetylcholinesterase.•M. officinalis could be further investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, due its antioxidant and anticholinesterase activity.•Gallic acid could be also a promising drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease due its antioxidant and MMP-2 inhibitory activities showed here.
Oxidative stress is associated with various diseases, in particular those related with the central nervous system, such as Alzheimer's disease. Based on the various benefits of Melissa officinalis, we investigated the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of different fractions from M. officinalis extract. Furthermore, the fraction with the highest antioxidant activity was tested as a potential acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor. Gallic acid, an important water soluble constituent of M. officinalis, was tested on the matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to analyze the chemical composition of M. officinalis. TBARS, DPPH, epinephrine autoxidation were used to verify antioxidant properties of M. officinalis or its constituents. Ethyl acetate fraction presented the highest flavonoids content as well as the antioxidant activities when compared with other tested fractions. The ethyl acetate fraction was also a weak inhibitor of brain AChE. Moreover, gallic acid inhibited MMP-2 activity. In conclusion, M. officinalis ethyl acetate fraction should be further investigated for its possible use in the treatment of oxidative stress related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease.
Context: Plantain fruit pulp has been used as a natural remedy to manage erectile dysfunction (ED) in traditional medicine. However, the potency of the peel has not been examined with respect to ED ...management.
Objective: This study investigated and compared the inhibitory potential of unripe (UPP) and ripe (RPP) plantain peels on some enzymes associated with ED and Fe
2+
-induced oxidative stress in albino rat penile homogenate in vitro.
Materials and method: Aqueous extract of the peels was prepared and the effect on phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5), arginase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE) and Fe
2+
-induced malonyladehyde in isolated albino rat penile homogenate were investigated. Phenolic constituents of the peels powder were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD).
Result: Extract from UPP had higher PDE-5 (IC
50
= 3.10 μg/mL), arginase (IC
50
= 0.96 μg/mL), AChE (IC
50
= 6.30 μg/mL) and ACE (IC
50
= 0.41 μg/mL) inhibitory ability compared with RPP (PDE-5, IC
50
= 4.33 μg/mL; arginase, IC
50
= 1.34 μg/mL; AChE, IC
50
= 8.64 μg/mL; ACE, IC
50
= 0.63 μg/mL). The extract from UPP also had higher inhibition of Fe
2+
-induced lipid peroxidation. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed that gallic and caffeic acids, rutin, quercitrin and quercetin were abundant in UPP, while catechin, kaempferol, chlorogenic and ellagic acids were the dominant phenolic compounds in RPP.
Discussion and conclusion: Inhibition of enzymes associated with ED and lipid peroxidation could be linked with the phenolic compounds. However, UPP appeared to be more potent.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Methylmalonic acidemia is a genetic disease characterized by accumulation of organic acids, such as methylmalonic (MMA) and malonic (MA) acids. Considering that the accumulation of MMA and MA causes ...several damages due to oxidative stress, antioxidants are thought to play a pivotal role in preventing deleterious effects associated with exposure to such compounds.
Ilex paraguariensis
(IP) was used here to test the hypothesis that supplementation with the aqueous extract of this plant could exert protective effect against MMA or MA induced mortality, behavioral and/or biochemical changes in
Drosophila melanogaster
(DM). Initially, a curve time- and dose–response to MMA (1–10 mM), MA (1–10 mM) and IP (63–500 μM) was performed. Thereafter, flies were concomitantly exposed to MA (5 mM), MMA (5 mM) and/or IP (250 μg/mL) during 15 days for survival assay, and for 48 hs to MA (1 or 5 mM), MMA (1 or 5 mM) and/or IP (250 μg/mL) for subsequent investigations. Both MMA and MA exposure resulted in higher incidence of mortality, a worse performance in the negative geotaxis assay and increased locomotion in open-field test as compared with control group. Furthermore, a marked increase in non-protein thiol (NPSH) and in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, and decrease in MTT and resazurin reduction were noted in MMA or MA treated groups. IP treatment offered significant protection against all alterations associated to MMA or MA exposure. This study confirm the hypothesis that supplementation with IP offers protection against changes associated to MMA or MA exposure in DM, due, at least in part, to its antioxidant effect.
Phenolic compounds of unripe and ripe sweet orange peels were determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography separation method with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The in vitro ...antioxidant properties and the EC50 (concentration required to obtain a 50% antioxidant effect) values were also determined. The predominant phenolic compounds were quercitrin, rutin, and quercetin with values of 18.77 ± 0.01 mg/mL, 18.65 ± 0.03 mg/mL, and 10.39 ± 0.01 mg/mL respectively in unripe orange peel and 22.61 ± 0.01 mg/mL, 17.93 ± 0.03 mg/mL, and 14.03 ± 0.02 mg/mL respectively in ripe orange peel. The antioxidant properties revealed 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) scavenging ability of both unripe and ripe orange peels respectively as 14.68 ± 0.01 and 16.89 ± 0.02 mmol TEAC/g, the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Properties (FRAP) as 70.69 ± 0.01 and 91.38 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalents/100g, total phenol content as 5.27 ± 0.03 and 9.40 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and total flavonoid content as 3.30 ± 0.30 and 4.20 ± 0.02 mg quercetin equivalent/g. The antioxidant assays showed enhanced potency of extract from ripe orange peel with EC50 values of 2.71 ± 0.03 mg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 0.67 ± 0.03 mg/mL for hydroxyl radicals (OH*), 0.57 ± 0.02 mg/mL for Fe(2+) chelation, and 0.63 ± 0.06 mg/mL for malondialdehyde (MDA), and was more potent than unripe orange peel.
The exploitation of forest resources, especially non-timber forest products, has effects on different biological levels, from the biochemical level of an organism to the ecosystem level. The present ...study addresses the effects of different management strategies (protected area, managed area, and an area where the species is cultivated in agroforestry systems) in reproductive phenology, fruit features, and phytochemical profiles of
Dimorphandra gardneriana
(Leguminosae), a tree species, pioneer, and socioeconomically important plant of the Brazilian Savanna. Its fruits are exploited by extractivist communities to obtain rutin and quercetin, which are internationally traded bioflavonoids (two of the ten most exported phytochemicals in Brazil). The results showed that the effects on these parameters were characterized as positive, increasing according to the level of exploitation. The agroforestry system had higher yields of flavonoids of economic interest, viable fruits and seeds, followed by the management area and the protected area. Finally, knowledge about the planting effects on fava d’anta fruit production can be a great ally for effectively managing forest resources. A varied system of exploitation implies greater and more stable economic returns for extractive communities, favoring the conservation of the species in protected areas.
Studies have shown the benefit of antioxidants in the prevention or treatment of human diseases and promoted a growing interest in new sources of plant antioxidants for pharmacological use. This ...study aimed to add value to two underexploited wild plant species (
and
) from Brazilian flora. Thus, the phenolic compounds profile of their seed ethanol extract and derived fractions were elucidated by HPLC, the antioxidant capacity was assessed by in vitro chemical tests and the cytotoxicity determined using the human carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and Caco-2. Eleven phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts of each species. The extracts and fractions showed excellent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (SC
, ranging from 9.15 to 248.8 µg/mL). The aqueous fraction of
seeds was most effective in preventing lipid peroxidation under basal conditions (IC
60.80 µg/mL) whereas, in the presence of stress inducer, the methanolic fraction of
performed best (IC
8.55 µg/mL). None of the samples showed iron chelating capacity. Ethanolic seed extracts of both species did not reveal any cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells. Both plant species showed a promising phenolic profile with potent antioxidant capacity and deserve attention to be sustainably explored.
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