Despite over 30 years of research, campylobacteriosis is the most prevalent foodborne bacterial infection in many countries including in the European Union and the United States of America. However, ...relatively little is known about the virulence factors in Campylobacter or how an apparently fragile organism can survive in the food chain, often with enhanced pathogenicity. This review collates information on the virulence and survival determinants including motility, chemotaxis, adhesion, invasion, multidrug resistance, bile resistance and stress response factors. It discusses their function in transition through the food processing environment and human infection. In doing so it provides a fundamental understanding of Campylobacter, critical for improved diagnosis, surveillance and control.
•Campylobacter have complex multifactorial systems for motility, chemotaxis, adherence and invasion.•Campylobacter stress response systems include antioxidant defence, heat shock and the ability to enter the VBNC state.•Campylobacter have the genetic machinery to survive food processing often with enhanced pathogenicity.
Campylobacter spp. is a significant and prevalent public health hazard globally. Campylobacter jejuni is the most frequently recovered species from human cases and poultry are considered the most ...important reservoir for its transmission to humans. In this study, 30 Campylobacter jejuni isolates were selected from clinical (n = 15) and broiler (n = 15) sources from a larger cohort, based on source, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance profiles. The objective of this study was to further characterise the genomes of these isolates including MLST types, population structure, pan-genome, as well as virulence and antimicrobial resistance determinants. A total of 18 sequence types and 12 clonal complexes were identified. The most common clonal complex was ST-45, which was found in both clinical and broiler samples. We characterised the biological functions that were associated with the core and accessory genomes of the isolates in this study. No significant difference in the prevalence of virulence or antimicrobial resistance determinants was observed between clinical and broiler isolates, although genes associated with severe illness such as neuABC, wlaN and cstIII were only detected in clinical isolates. The ubiquity of virulence factors associated with motility, invasion and cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) synthesis in both clinical and broiler C. jejuni genomes and genetic similarities between groups of broiler and clinical C. jejuni reaffirm that C. jejuni from poultry remains a significant threat to public health.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide causing economic costs. The high prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in poultry meat is a result of several contamination and ...cross‐contamination sources through the production chain. Moreover, survival mechanisms, such as biofilm formation, viable but nonculturable state, and antimicrobial resistance, enable its persistence during food processing. Therefore, mitigation strategies are necessary in order to avoid and/or inactivate Campylobacter at farm, abattoir, industry, and retail level. In this review, a number of potential strategies and novel technologies that could reduce the prevalence of Campylobacter in poultry meat have been identified and evaluated to provide a useful overview. At farm level for instance, biosecurity, bacteriocins, probiotics, feed and water additives, bacteriophages, and vaccination could potentially reduce colonization in chicken flocks. However, current technologies used in the chicken slaughter and processing industry may be less effective against this foodborne pathogen. Novel technologies and strategies such as cold plasma, ultraviolet light, high‐intensity light pulses, pulsed electric fields, antimicrobials, and modified atmosphere packaging are discussed in this review for reducing Campylobacter contamination. Although these measures have achieved promising results, most have not been integrated within processing operations due to a lack of knowledge or an unwillingness to implement these into existing processing systems. Furthermore, a combination of existing and novel strategies might be required to decrease the prevalence of this pathogen in poultry meat and enhance food safety. Therefore, further research will be essential to assess the effectiveness of all these strategies.
The recent discovery of the same
ribotypes associated with human infection in a broad range of environments, animals and foods, coupled with an ever-increasing rate of community-acquired infections, ...suggests this pathogen may be foodborne. The objective of this review was to examine the evidence supporting this hypothesis. A review of the literature found that forty-three different ribotypes, including six hypervirulent strains, have been detected in meat and vegetable food products, all of which carry the genes encoding pathogenesis. Of these, nine ribotypes (002, 003, 012, 014, 027, 029, 070, 078 and 126) have been isolated from patients with confirmed community-associated
infection (CDI). A meta-analysis of this data suggested there is a higher risk of exposure to all ribotypes when consuming shellfish or pork, with the latter being the main foodborne route for ribotypes 027 and 078, the hypervirulent strains that cause most human illnesses. Managing the risk of foodborne CDI is difficult as there are multiple routes of transmission from the farming and processing environment to humans. Moreover, the endospores are resistant to most physical and chemical treatments. The most effective current strategy is, therefore, to limit the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics while advising potentially vulnerable patients to avoid high-risk foods such as shellfish and pork.
Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli (VTEC) are a good example of the evolution and emergence of pathogenic E. coli. Unknown before the late 1970s, these bacteria are a major cause of hemorrhagic ...colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome worldwide. The production of verocytotoxins is the main virulence feature of VTEC but cannot be solely responsible for full pathogenicity. VTEC associated with severe human disease are usually capable of colonizing the intestinal mucosa with a characteristic attaching-and-effacing mechanism, genetically governed by the locus of enterocyte effacement, and possess other mobile genetic elements carrying additional virulence genes such as plasmids, phages, and pathogenicity islands (e.g., O-I 122). Despite the huge amount of data collected after the sequencing of the full genome of VTEC O157, the virulence and the evolution of the different VTEC serotypes have only been partially unraveled. A greater understanding of the factors governing the development of severe disease in humans and the colonization of animal hosts must be achieved before effective intervention strategies aimed at the reduction of the burden of infection can be developed. Defining all the factors characterizing a fully pathogenic VTEC strain will be crucial to improve the efficacy of the diagnosis of human infections, the surveillance of animal reservoirs, the assessment of public health risks, and the development of control interventions. An overview of the VTEC virulence factors, including their genetic basis and function, would start this process and is the objective of this article.
A study was undertaken to investigate Salmonella in pigs at each step from birth to carcass. Environmental and/or pig samples were taken at birth, farrowing, 1st weaning, 2nd weaning, finishing, ...transport, lairage, bleeding and chilling of carcasses and tested for Salmonella. All isolates were characterised in terms of serotype, phage type (where relevant) and subtyping with pulsed field gel electrophosesis (PFGE). Isolates were tested for antibiotic resistance, resistance (intI1, blaCIT, blaTem, blaPSE-1, blaOXA-1, floR, catA1, aadA1, aadA2, tetA, tetB, tetG, sul1and aphA1) and virulence (invA, rck, spvC and pefA) genes. PCR was also performed to test for the presence of the left junction, thdF-S001 and the right junction, S004-int2 or S004-yidY of Salmonella genomic island 1 (SGI1). Overall 4.3%, 27.5% and 5% of environmental, throat/rectal and carcass samples were Salmonella positive, respectively. S. Typhimurium DT193 was detected during production, while S. Typhimurium DT17 and U311 were present in lairage at the abattoir, where strain characterisation suggested cross contamination of the live animals occurred. The carcasses were also cross contaminated with S. Brandenburg during processing. PFGE grouped the isolates by serotype and/or phage type. The DT193 isolates displayed the ACSSuTTmMn/Gm resistance phenotype and carried the invA, spvC, rck, bla-tem, aadA2, tetA, strA virulence/antibiotic resistance markers; U311 showed an ASSuTMn resistance pattern and carried invA and tetB; DT17 was sensitive to all antibiotics tested but invA, spv and rck positive while S. Brandenburg displayed neither resistance nor virulence gene carriage. None of the isolates possessed class 1 integrons and all isolates were negative for the left and right junctions of SGI1.
It was concluded that control activities should target improved biosecurity at farm level and better sanitation in lairage. This study also provides further evidence that multiple drug resistance may be associated with non-SGI1 Salmonella strains. The continued emergence of non-DT104 S. Typhimurium isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance is a cause for concern as is the persistence of highly virulent Salmonella strains in the abattoir environment.
► S. Typhimurium DT193 was endemic on the study farms. ► S. Typhimurium DT193 strains displayed the ACSuSTTnMn/Gm resistant phenotype. ► Multiple drug resistance may be associated with non-SGI1 Salmonella strains. ► Lairage is an import source of Salmonella contamination on pig carcasses.
Bioactive peptides are short peptides approximately 2–30 amino acids in length. They are inactive within the sequence of the parent protein and can be released during gastrointestinal digestion, ...during food processing or by hydrolysis using commercial enzymes. Meat derived peptides have a myriad of bioactive potential including, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-thrombotic, ACE-I-inhibitory and cytomodulatory functions. Antioxidant and antimicrobial peptides isolated from meat muscle sources may be used as functional ingredient in food formulations to impart human health benefits and/or improve the shelf life of foods. This review collates information regarding peptidic hydrolysates with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties isolated from vertebrate and invertebrate muscle and by-products, identifying the sources, the isolation and characterisation techniques used, and the methods used to demonstrate these bioactivities
in vitro.
Bioactive peptides have been identified in a range of foods, including plant, milk and muscle, e.g., beef, chicken, pork and fish muscle proteins. Bioactive peptides from food proteins offer major ...potential for incorporation into functional foods and nutraceuticals. The aim of this paper is to present an outline of the bioactive peptides identified in the muscle protein of meat to date, with a focus on muscle protein from domestic animals and fish. The majority of research on bioactives from meat sources has focused on angiotensin-1-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory and antioxidant peptides.
Background:
Campylobacter
is commonly transmitted to humans from chickens.
Campylobacter jejuni
is the species most frequently associated with human illness, and the most prevalent species recovered ...from poultry.
Objective:
The objective of this study was to analyse a sub-population of
C. jejuni
from two broiler flocks on the farm and at slaughter using whole-genome sequencing to gain insights into the changes in the
Campylobacter
population during broiler production, including changes in virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles.
Methods:
In this study, ten composite faecal samples (
n
=10), obtained by pooling ten fresh faecal samples (
n
=10), were collected in the broiler house on two farms on days 14, 21, 28, and 34 (
n
=80) and ten composite (
n
=10) caecal samples were collected at the time of slaughter for each flock (
n
=20). These were tested for
C. jejuni
using the ISO 10272-2:2016 method. Seven isolates were randomly selected from each of the nine
Campylobacter
-positive sampling points (
n
=63) and were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Their genomes were sequenced and the data obtained was used to characterise the population structure, virulence, antimicrobial resistance determinants and inter-strain variation.
Results:
The Farm 1 isolates had three MLST types (ST257-257, ST814-661 and ST48-48) while those on Farm 2 were ST6209-464 and ST9401. Interestingly, only the MLST types positive for most of the virulence genes tested in this study persisted throughout the production cycle, and the detection of antimicrobial resistance determinants (
gyrA
T86I and
tetO
) increased after thinning and at slaughter, with the detection of new strains.
Conclusion:
The persistence of the most virulent strains detected in this study throughout the production cycle has important implications for the risk to consumers and requires further investigation. The detection of new strains within the population corresponding with the time of thinning and transportation reflects previous reports and provides further evidence that these activities pose a risk of introducing new
Campylobacter
strains to broiler batches.
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