The XPAD3 is the third generation of a single photon counting chip developed in collaboration by SOLEIL Synchrotron, the Institut Neel and the Centre de Physique de Particules de Marseille (CPPM). ...The chip contains 9600 pixels of 130 mu m side and a counting electronic chain with an adjustable low level threshold in each pixel. Imaging and detection performance (detective quantum efficiency, modulation transfer function and energy resolution) of the XPAD3 detectors hybridized with Si and CdTe sensors have been evaluated and compared using monochromatic synchrotron X-rays beam. A second version of the chip, optimized for pump-probe experiments, has been realized and successfully tested. Three 7.3 cm x 12.5 cm Si-XPAD3 imagers, composed of 8 silicon modules (7 chips per module) and one 2.1 cm x 3.1 cm CdTe-XPAD3 imager (4 chips) have been constructed and successfully used for synchrotron diffraction experiments and biomedical imaging.
The zonal market (ZM) adopted in Europe, in contrast to the nodal market (NM), reconciles the inconsistency between physical networks and administrative management. However, the growing integration ...of renewable energy sources (RESs) has introduced zonal supply-demand imbalances that exacerbate congestion and the need to re-dispatch. Furthermore, different clearing mechanisms between the day-ahead and real-time markets provide further opportunities for collusive bidding, decreasing total social welfare (TSW). Thus, this paper is the first to propose a long-term congestion management (CM) framework through a market zone (MZ) configuration approach with CM assessment considering collusive bidding in the joint spot markets. More specifically, a topology-based location division (TLD) method is proposed to partition optimal MZs, ensuring the minimum number of MZs based on critical branches. Then, a bi-level evolutionary model is developed to analyze the collusive bidding of producers in the day-ahead and ancillary service markets. Finally, the established framework is applied to a 20-bus test and simplified European systems. Our simulation on the 20-bus system shows that compared with the initial ZM and NM, the congestion cost of the optimized ZM decreased by 90% and 33%, respectively, while the TSW increased by around 13% and 1%, respectively.
•Proposed the MZ configuration framework for the DA market, which can depress the collusive bidding of CGs and RESs of the same company and reduce the re-dispatch surrogate cost (SC), leading to an ...increased SW.•A bi-level analytical model is proposed to precisely estimate the collusive bidding of CGs and RESs via a conjectured supply function game in the DA market. With the advancement of carbon neutrality, integrating a large number of RESs has led to more complex collusions. It can exploit the characteristics of CGs, which can impact the marginal prices, and RESs, which have lower costs, to engage in collusive bidding, thereby increasing their benefits. Currently, there is limited research on this aspect.•A market performance evaluation system is proposed to optimize the set of CBs to decrease the price convergence (PC), increase the RES ratio, improve SW, and lower re-dispatch SC based on the market zone (MZ) configuration.
The European cross-zonal day-ahead (DA) electricity market is transitioning to the flow-based market coupling model for market clearing. With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), market participants have opportunities for collusive bidding, resulting in decreased social welfare (SW). Thus, this paper is the first to propose an approach to configure the market zone (MZ) considering collusive bidding among conventional generators (CGs) and RESs in the DA market. Specifically, a bi-level model is developed to analyze collusive bidding among the CGs and RESs. Then, multi-dimensional market performance indices are used to determine the critical branches (CBs), on which the configuration of MZs is based. Finally, test 6-bus and simplified European systems are used to demonstrate the validity and merit of the proposed approach. Our simulation on the 6-bus system shows that when compared with the initial zonal market (ZM), the SW of the optimized ZM increased by 18 %, while the re-dispatch surrogate cost decreased to 0. Also, the penetration of RESs improved by 12 %, which guarantees the development of RESs.
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Abstract
The benefit to end-users of electricity, mainly in terms of low prices, is strictly related to the interaction among the consumers themselves and retailers. The literature on retail ...competition has highlighted possible distortions in market outcomes due to unresponsive demand and boundedly rational consumers. Hence, a model appropriate to represent this aspect of the market is needed. The paper proposes a general model of the interaction among retailers and consumers in the electricity market based on the theory of multi-agent systems. The model incorporates different assumptions concerning the behavior of the players that corresponds to different levels of interaction in determining the market outcomes. The model is validated interpretively by the results provided in terms of Game Theory equilibrium. The results of an extensive set of simulations on a population of 1,000 consumers is presented and discussed.
Submitted: July 4, 2006 · Accepted: October 22, 2006 · Published: February 9, 2007
Recommended Citation
Bompard, Ettore F.; Abrate, Graziano; Napoli, Roberto; and Wan, Bo
(2007)
"Multi-Agent Models for Consumer Choice and Retailer Strategies in the Competitive Electricity Market,"
International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems:
Vol. 8
:
Iss.
2, Article 4.
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.1392
Available at: http://www.bepress.com/ijeeps/vol8/iss2/art4
Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) Systems could be exploited to support energy transition maintaining, at the same time, secure conditions in electricity grids. Among the current remunerated services, ...they can be deployed for Frequency Containment Reserve (FCR) and automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR). However, several aspects have to be addressed, such as environmental impacts of these systems, and the costs. Additionally, since the exploitation of scarce raw materials for the assembling, also risk on supply disruption for these materials has to be taking into account. Main indicators exploited to evaluate Flywheels are the Global Warming Potential, the Cumulative Energy Demand, the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) and the Supply Risk Indicator for Raw Materials. Most impacting components for Cumulative Energy Demand and Global Warming Potential are represented by the steel-based Vacuum Chamber and the Power Conversion System. Investment costs and charging costs are instead major contributors in LCOS, whereas replacement costs have a small contribution on it. The Supply Risk, assessed first for raw materials and then aggregated for the entire FES, is influenced mostly by Natural Graphite and Aluminium. Results on risk are almost not affected by considering the elements contained within the FES instead of raw materials. Finally, the comparison between greenhouse gases emitted during the manufacturing stage of alternative Storage Technologies shows that FES is the highest emitter, due to a low Energy on Power ratio.
The XPAD3 chip bump-bonded to a Si sensor has been widely used in preclinical microcomputedtomography and in synchrotron experiments. Although the XPAD3 chip is linear up to60 keV, the performance of ...the XPAD3/Si hybrid detector is limited to energies below 30 keV, forwhich detection efficiencies remain above 20%. To overcome this limitation on detection efficiencyin order to access imaging at higher energies, we decided to develop a camera based on XPAD3single chips bump-bonded to high-Z CdTe sensors. We will first present the construction of this newcamera, from the first tests of the single chip hybrids to the actual mechanical assembly. Then, wewill show first images and stability tests performed on the D2AM beam line at ESRF synchrotronfacility with the fully assembled camera.
Abstract
Competition has been introduced in the last decade into the electricity markets and is presently underway in many countries. A centralized approach for the dispatching of the generation ...units has been substituted by a market approach based on the biddings submitted by the supply side and, eventually, by the demand side. Each producer is a player in the market acting to maximize its utility. The decision making process of the producers and their interactions in the market are a typical complex problem that is difficult to be modeled explicitly, and can be studied with a multi agents approach. This paper proposes a model able to capture the decision making approach of the producers in submitting strategic biddings to the market and simulate the market outcomes resulting from those interactions. The model is based on the Watkins' Q (lambda) Reinforcement Learning and takes into account the network constraints that may pose considerable limitations to the electricity markets. The model can be used to define the optimal bidding strategy for each producer and, as well, to find the market equilibrium and assessing the market performances. The model proposed is applied to a standard IEEE 14-bus test system to illustrate its effectiveness.
Submitted: December 28, 2005 · Accepted: April 10, 2006 · Published: August 28, 2006
Recommended Citation
Ma, Yuchao; Bompard, Ettore F.; Napoli, Roberto ; and Chuanwen, Jiang
(2006)
"Modeling the Strategic Bidding of the Producers in Competitive Electricity Markets with the Watkins' Q (lambda) Reinforcement Learning,"
International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems:
Vol. 6
:
Iss.
2, Article 7.
DOI: 10.2202/1553-779X.1258
Available at: http://www.bepress.com/ijeeps/vol6/iss2/art7
XPAD3 is a large surface X-ray photon counting imager with high count rates, large counter dynamics and very fast data readout. Data are readout in parallel by a PCI Express interface using DMA ...transfer. The readout frame rate of the complete detector comprising 0.5 MPixels amounts to 500 images per second without dead-time.
The benefit to end-users of electricity, mainly in terms of low prices, is strictly related to the interaction among the consumers themselves and retailers. The literature on retail competition has ...highlighted possible distortions in market outcomes due to unresponsive demand and boundedly rational consumers. Hence, a model appropriate to represent this aspect of the market is needed. The paper proposes a general model of the interaction among retailers and consumers in the electricity market based on the theory of multi-agent systems. The model incorporates different assumptions concerning the behavior of the players that corresponds to different levels of interaction in determining the market outcomes. The model is validated interpretively by the results provided in terms of Game Theory equilibrium. The results of an extensive set of simulations on a population of 1,000 consumers is presented and discussed.
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