Global warming is pushing populations outside their range of physiological tolerance. According to the environmental envelope framework, the most vulnerable populations occur near the climatic edge ...of their species' distributions. In contrast, populations from the climatic center of the species range should be relatively buffered against climate warming. We tested this latter prediction using a combination of linear mixed effects and machine learning algorithms on an extensive, citizen‐scientist generated dataset on the fruitbody productivity of the Burgundy (aka summer) truffle (Tuber aestivum Vittad.), a keystone, ectomycorrhizal tree‐symbiont occurring on a wide range of temperate climates. T. aestivum's fruitbody productivity was monitored at 3‐week resolution over up to 8 continuous years at 20 sites distributed in the climatic center of its European distribution in southwest Germany and Switzerland. We found that T. aestivum fruitbody production is more sensitive to summer drought than would be expected from the breadth of its species' climatic niche. The monitored populations occurring nearly 5°C colder than the edge of their species' climatic distribution. However, interannual fruitbody productivity (truffle mass year−1) fell by a median loss of 22% for every 1°C increase in summer temperature over a site's 30‐year mean. Among the most productive monitored populations, the temperature sensitivity was even higher, with single summer temperature anomalies of 3°C sufficient to stop fruitbody production altogether. Interannual truffle productivity was also related to the phenology of host trees, with ~22 g less truffle mass for each 1‐day reduction in the length of the tree growing season. Increasing summer drought extremes are therefore likely to reduce fruiting among summer truffle populations throughout Central Europe. Our results suggest that European T. aestivum may be a mosaic of vulnerable populations, sensitive to climate‐driven declines at lower thresholds than implied by its species distribution model.
We worked with citizen scientists to monitor the productivity of the widely distributed summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) over eight years. We found that hot, dry summers substantially reduce truffle yields. Populations from the center of the species' range cannot tolerate conditions experienced by populations at the hotter extremes, suggesting local adaptation. This may exacerbate summer truffles response to climate change, sensitizing populations to the increasing the frequency of summer drought.
Aim of study: The local ecological knowledge shared in rural communities shapes their norms for using their nearby open-access natural resources. We suggest a method to analyse this form of cognitive ...social capital with an application to a mushroom picking permit. Area of study: Poblet forest in Catalonia (NE Spain). Material and methods: We applied semi-structured questionnaires to pickers in four municipalities and to the governing body of the protected area. Our methodology assesses cognitive social capital combining three instruments: (i) inter-quartile ratio indexes for community cohesion, (ii) pair-wise comparisons across social groups: pickers and decision-makers (DM), and (iii) correlations for mental models linking perceived ecological, social and economic challenges with foreseen solutions. Main results: Analogous perceptions between DM and local pickers were found in most mushroom-related problems, which align with most picking permit design features. The perceived dissimilar behaviour between local and foreign pickers, the need for forest tending –addressing the wildfire risk–, and trash left in the forest are shared among pickers and DM. Moreover, some mental models of the DM showed statistically consistence. At the individual picker level, mushroom eco-literacy relates to family learning and proximity to DM, while links between pickers and DM correlate with increased forest profitability expectations. Research highlights: Strong convergence in cognitive indicators aggregated at the town level indicate a single hermeneutic community among local pickers, which seems to underlie the large permit acceptance but did not explain the differential permit uptake –thus, structural social capital emerges as complementary predictor.
Background Numerous studies on involuntary weight loss (IWL) have been published since the 1980s, although most of them have included small samples of patients with specific symptoms. The aim of the ...present study was to determine the causes, demographic and clinical characteristics and mortality at 12 months in patients attended at a rapid diagnostic unit (RDU) for isolated IWL. Methods A single-center retrospective observational study including all patients presenting to the RDU for isolated IWL between 2005 and 2013. The following data were recorded: demographic and clinical variables, results of complementary tests (blood tests, x-rays, computed tomography scan and digestive endoscopy), main diagnosis and vital status at 12 months. Results Seven hundred and ninety-one patients met the criteria for IWL. Mean age was 67.9 years (SD 4.7), 50.4% were male and mean weight loss was 8.3 kg (SD 4.7). The cause for IWL was malignant disease in 23.6% of patients, non-malignant organic disease in 44.5%, psychiatric disorder in 29.0% and unknown in 3.2%. Overall mortality at 12 months was 18.6% (95%CI: 16.1-21.6). The mortality rate was highest in the group with malignancy (61.1%; 95%CI: 54.2-68.2). Conclusions Almost a quarter of all patients attended at the RDU for IWL were diagnosed with cancer. Mortality at 12 months was higher in this group than in the other three. Malignancy should therefore be ruled out during the first visit for patients attended for IWL.
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DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•We review the effect of forest management practices on fungal diversity.•Fungal diversity is positively related with canopy cover, basal area and tree species diversity.•Diversity of deadwood size ...and decomposition stage is positively related to richness of wood-inhabiting fungi.•The higher is the forest management intensity the lower is the diversity of fungal species.•Low impact silviculture and enhancement of stand structural complexity help to conserve fungal diversity.
The influence of forest management on fungal diversity and community composition has been the subject of a wide number of studies over the last two decades. However, the difficulty of studying the complex kingdom of fungi under real forest conditions has led to rather scattered scientific knowledge. Here, we provide the current state of knowledge suggesting future research directions regarding (i) stand structure attributes (age, tree cover, stand density, tree species composition), (ii) management history (managed vs unmanaged), (iii) silvicultural treatments (thinning, clearcutting, shelterwood methods, selective cutting) and (iv) other anthropogenic disturbances (mushroom picking, salvage logging, prescribed burning, fertilization) affecting fungal diversity and community composition. The reviewed studies reported a positive correlation between fungal diversity and stand structure variables such as canopy cover, basal area of the stand and tree species diversity, particularly for mycorrhizal species. Abundance and diversity in size, tree species and decomposition stage of deadwood are reported as positively related to richness of wood-inhabiting fungi. The main findings about the effects of silvicultural practices suggest that the higher is the management intensity the lower is the diversity of ectomycorrhizal and wood-inhabiting species, at least in the short term. We have therefore reported those silvicultural practices which may reduce trade-offs between timber harvesting and fungal diversity conservation. Indeed, fungal diversity can be conserved in managed forests if (i) low impact logging operations are performed; (ii) stand structural complexity and late-successional forest characteristics are enhanced; (iii) deadwood amount and diversity is promoted, (iv) landscape heterogeneity and connectivity is improved or maintained.
•We review the effect of silviculture on epigeous edible mushroom productivity.•A definition of the term “mycosilviculture” is provided.•Mushroom yield is partly affected by stand structure (tree ...age, density and species).•Different forest management practices can affect wild mushroom yield in multiple ways.•We describe the state of the art of mycosilviculture and suggest further research.
Fungal fruit-bodies are an important economic resource both for recreational pickers and commercial markets. The broad interest in forest fungi and mushrooms has motivated attempts to develop appropriate silvicultural methods able to preserve and improve mushroom yields. Defining best practices for the sustainability and profitability of forest fungal resources is the main aim of ‘mycosilviculture’. However, the difficulty of monitoring and studying such a cryptic kingdom (i.e., fungi) under real forest conditions has led to rather scattered scientific knowledge of the effects of forest management regimes and silvicultural operations on wild mushroom resources. Here, we review the current scientific literature regarding the influence of (i) stand characteristics, i.e. stand age, stand density, canopy cover and tree species composition, (ii) silvicultural practices and (iii) other management-related disturbances affecting the yield of wild epigeous mushrooms, with the aim of systematizing existing scientific knowledge and identifying gaps in knowledge in order to suggest future lines of research. Most of the research in the field of mycosilviculture to date has focused on ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, which include the majority of wild commercial mushrooms. The main findings from the literature indicate that forest management practices, by modifying stand characteristics and microclimatic conditions, can influence wild mushroom occurrence and productivity, both positively and negatively, depending on the specific fungal ecological needs, reproductive strategies, forest type and management regime. Further research efforts relating to all aspects of the interaction between forest management, fungal ecology and mushroom production are needed: in particular, additional research efforts should be devoted to understanding mushroom yield dynamics in uneven-aged and mixed forests and evaluating the effects of regeneration methods on fungal communities.
Soil microclimate is a potentially important regulator of the composition of plant-associated fungal communities in climates with significant drought periods. Here, we investigated the ...spatio-temporal dynamics of soil fungal communities in a Mediterranean Pinus pinaster forest in relation to soil moisture and temperature.
Fungal communities in 336 soil samples collected monthly over 1 year from 28 long-term experimental plots were assessed by PacBio sequencing of ITS2 amplicons. Total fungal biomass was estimated by analysing ergosterol. Community changes were analysed in the context of functional traits.
Soil fungal biomass was lowest during summer and late winter and highest during autumn, concurrent with a greater relative abundance of mycorrhizal species. Intra-annual spatiotemporal changes in community composition correlated significantly with soil moisture and temperature. Mycorrhizal fungi were less affected by summer drought than free-living fungi. In particular, mycorrhizal species of the short-distance exploration type increased in relative abundance under dry conditions, whereas species of the long-distance exploration type were more abundant under wetter conditions.
Our observations demonstrate a potential for compositional and functional shifts in fungal communities in response to changing climatic conditions. Free-living fungi and mycorrhizal species with extensive mycelia may be negatively affected by increasing drought periods in Mediterranean forest ecosystems.
•We study the impact of weather and soil moisture conditions on mushroom yield.•We further explore future trends of mushroom productivity under climate change.•We use a hybrid modeling approach ...combining process-based and empirical models.•Precipitation was the most significant predictor of annual mushroom productivity.•Models predict higher fungal productivity for 2016–2100 compared to current yield.
Wild mushrooms contribute to a variety of ecosystem services. The expected warmer and drier conditions for the Mediterranean region as a consequence of climate change, are raising concerns about future mushroom productivity due to potential reduction of soil water availability for fungi. The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of the interaction between climate and soil moisture in relation to their impact on mushroom productivity in Mediterranean forests. Mushroom yield data were obtained from 28 permanent mushroom inventory plots intensively monitored in Maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands of northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Annual productivity of total, edible and marketed mushrooms was obtained from measurements conducted every week during the autumn fruiting season for years 2008–2015. Historical weather conditions were obtained through data interpolation from meteorological stations. Soil moisture data were obtained from continuous plot-level measurements. A process-based soil water balance model was used to predict soil moisture under two climate change scenarios, using the predictions of two different regional climate models. Mixed-effects models using either precipitation or soil moisture as predictors, in combination with other weather variables, were fitted to annual mushroom occurrence and yield data. Mushroom yield was primarily dependent on weather and soil moisture conditions during the same month, with the exception of precipitation, whose effects exhibited a one-month delay. High temperatures limited mushroom yield at the beginning of the fruiting season, but tended to enhance it towards the end. The analysis revealed no apparent negative effect of climate change on long-term mushroom productivity, but rather the opposite (i.e., predicted median productivity of marketed mushrooms for 2016–2100 was 23–93% higher compared to the current yield), mainly due to an elongation of the fruiting season arising from the combined effect of increased precipitation at the beginning of the season and warmer temperatures at the end.
•ID3 remains a transcription factor that cannot be targeted for the prevention or treatment of cancer metastasis.•Milk thistle flavonolignan silibinin blocks the inducible activation of ID3 in brain ...endothelial cells.•Silibinin prevents the constitutive, acquired, and adaptive expression of ID3 in lung cancer cells.•Silibinin blocks ID3 transcription through BMP-responsive regulatory elements in ID3 gene enhancers.•Silibinin directly inhibits the kinase activity of the BMP receptors ACVRL1/ALK1 and BMPR2.•Silibinin suppresses ID3 overexpression in vivo at clinically relevant concentrations.
ID3 (inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation-3) is a transcription factor that enables metastasis by promoting stem cell-like properties in endothelial and tumor cells. The milk thistle flavonolignan silibinin is a phytochemical with anti-metastatic potential through largely unknown mechanisms.
We have mechanistically investigated the ability of silibinin to inhibit the aberrant activation of ID3 in brain endothelium and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) models.
Bioinformatic analyses were performed to investigate the co-expression correlation between ID3 and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) ligands/BMP receptors (BMPRs) genes in NSCLC patient datasets. ID3 expression was assessed by immunoblotting and qRT-PCR. Luciferase reporter assays were used to evaluate the gene sequences targeted by silibinin to regulate ID3 transcription. In silico computational modeling and LanthaScreen TR-FRET kinase assays were used to characterize and validate the BMPR inhibitory activity of silibinin. Tumor tissues from NSCLC xenograft models treated with oral silibinin were used to evaluate the in vivo anti-ID3 effects of silibinin.
Analysis of lung cancer patient datasets revealed a top-ranked positive association of ID3 with the BMP9 endothelial receptor ACVRL1/ALK1 and the BMP ligand BMP6. Silibinin treatment blocked the BMP9-induced activation of the ALK1-phospho-SMAD1/5-ID3 axis in brain endothelial cells. Constitutive, acquired, and adaptive expression of ID3 in NSCLC cells were all significantly downregulated in response to silibinin. Silibinin blocked ID3 transcription via BMP-responsive elements in ID3 gene enhancers. Silibinin inhibited the kinase activities of BMPRs in the micromolar range, with the lower IC50 values occurring against ACVRL1/ALK1 and BMPR2. In an in vivo NSCLC xenograft model, tumoral overexpression of ID3 was completely suppressed by systematically achievable oral doses of silibinin.
ID3 is a largely undruggable metastasis-promoting transcription factor. Silibinin is a novel suppressor of ID3 that may be explored as a novel therapeutic approach to interfere with the metastatic dissemination capacity of NSCLC.
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