The population structure, virulence, and antimicrobial resistance of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) from cats are rarely characterized. The aim of this study was to compare and characterize the UPEC ...isolated from cats in four geographic regions of USA in terms of their multilocus sequence typing (MLST), virulence profiles, clinical signs, antimicrobial resistance and phylogenetic grouping. The results showed that a total of 74 E. coli isolates were typed to 40 sequence types with 10 being novel. The most frequent phylogenetic group was B2 (n = 57). The most frequent sequence types were ST73 (n = 12) and ST83 (n = 6), ST73 was represented by four multidrug resistant (MDR) and eight non-multidrug resistant (SDR) isolates, and ST83 were significantly more likely to exhibit no drug resistant (NDR) isolates carrying the highest number of virulence genes. Additionally, MDR isolates were more diverse, and followed by SDR and NDR isolates in regards to the distribution of the STs. afa/draBC was the most prevalent among the 29 virulence-associated genes. Linking virulence profile and antimicrobial resistance, the majority of virulence-associated genes tested were more prevalent in NDR isolates, and followed by SDR and MDR isolates. Twenty (50%) MLST types in this study have previously been associated with human isolates, suggesting that these STs are potentially zoonotic. Our data enhanced the understanding of E. coli population structure and virulence association from cats. The diverse and various combinations of virulence-associated genes implied that the infection control may be challenging.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The aim of this study was to explore the occurrence and molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) and carbapenemases among ...ESBL-producing multidrug resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli from dogs and cats in the United States.
Of 2443 E.coli isolated from dogs and cats collected between August 2009 and January 2013, 68 isolates were confirmed as ESBL-producing MDR ones. PCR and sequencing were performed to identify β-lactamases and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, and shed light on the virulence gene profiles, phylogenetic groups and ST types.
Phylogenic group D and B2 accounted for 69.1% of the isolates. 50 (73.5%) isolates carried CTX-M ESBL gene, and the most predominant specific CTX-M subtype identified was bla CTX-M-15 (n = 33), followed by bla CTX-M-1 (n = 32), bla CTX-M-123 (n = 27), bla CTX-M-9 (n = 19) and bla CTX-M-14 (n = 19), and bla CTX-M-123 was firstly reported in E. coli isolates in the United States alone or in association. Other β-lactamase genes bla TEM, bla SHV, bla OXA-48, and bla CMY-2 were detected in 41.2, 29.4, 19.1, and 17.6% of 68 ESBL-producing MDR isolates, respectively. The bla TEM and bla SHV genes were classfied as ESBLs with the exception of the bla TEM-1 gene. Additionally, 42.6% (29/68) of isolates co-expressed bla CTX-M-15 and PMQR gene aac(6')-Ib-c. The overall occurrence of virulence genes ranged from 11.8 (ireA) to 88.2% (malX), and most of virulence genes were less frequent among CTX-M-producing isolates than non-CTX-M isolates with the exception of malX and iutA. The 68 isolates analyzed were assigned to 31 STs with six being novel. Three pandemic clonal lineages ST131 (n = 10), ST648 (n = 9), and ST405 (n = 9) accounted for more than 41% of the investigated isolates, and ST648 and ST405 of phylogenetic D were firstly reported in E. coli from dogs and cats in the United States.
bla CTX-M-123 of ESBLs and carbapenemase bla OXA-48 were firstly reported in ESBL-producing MDR E.coli from dogs and cats in the United States, and ST131, ST648, and ST405 were the predominant clonal groups.
•These guidelines provide recommendations for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats.•Sporadic bacterial cystitis, recurrent bacterial cystitis, ...pyelonephritis, bacterial prostatitis, and subclinical bacteriuria are addressed.•Issues pertaining to urinary catheters, medical dissolution of uroliths and prophylaxis for urological procedures are discussed.
Urinary tract disease is a common clinical presentation in dogs and cats, and a common reason for antimicrobial prescription. This document is a revision and expansion on the 2011 Antimicrobial Use Guidelines for Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats, providing recommendations for diagnosis and management of sporadic bacterial cystitis, recurrent bacterial cystitis, pyelonephritis, bacterial prostatitis, and subclinical bacteriuria. Issues pertaining to urinary catheters, medical dissolution of uroliths and prophylaxis for urological procedures are also addressed.
To determine antibiotic levels in plasma and interstitial fluid (ISF) after SC placement of compounded florfenicol (FF) calcium sulfate beads (CSBs) in New Zealand White rabbits (Oryctolagus ...cuniculus).
6 juvenile female rabbits (n = 5 treatment and 1 control).
An ultrafiltration probe and CSBs were placed SC in 6 rabbits (n = 5 for FF CSBs and 1 for control CSBs). Plasma (3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours and 7, 14, and 21 days) and ISF (daily for 21 days) samples were collected, and FF was measured by HPLC for pharmacokinetic analysis. Hematology, biochemistry, and histopathology were assessed.
Means ± SD for the area under the curve, maximum concentration, time of maximum concentration, terminal half-life, and mean residence time to the last data point for plasma and ISF were 16.63 ± 8.16 and 17,902 ± 7,564 h·µg/mL, 0.79 ± 0.38 and 245 ± 223 µg/mL, 2.90 ± 0.3 and 59 ± 40 hours, 30.81 ± 16.9 and 27.3 ± 9.39 hours, 23.4 ± 10 and 73.7 ± 13 hours, respectively. Plasma FF was < 2 µg/mL at all time points. The ISF FF remained > 8 μg/mL for 109.98 to 231.58 hours. One rabbit death occurred during treatment, but the cause of death was undetermined. Local tissue inflammation was present, but no clinically significant systemic adverse effects were found on hematology, biochemistry, or histopathology in the remaining rabbits.
Florfenicol CSBs maintained antibiotic concentrations in ISF at levels likely to be effective against bacteria sensitive to > 8 µg/mL for 5 to 10 days while maintaining low (< 2 µg/mL) plasma levels. Florfenicol CSBs may be effective for local antibiotic treatment in rabbit abscesses.
Background
Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and routinely treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. Infection is a consequence of ...reduced immunity associated with alterations of the skin barrier and underlying diseases that may be difficult to diagnose and resolve; thus, SBF is frequently recurrent and repeated treatment is necessary. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria, particularly meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), has focused attention on the need for optimal management of SBF.
Objectives
Provision of an internationally available resource guiding practitioners in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SBF.
Development of the guidelines
The guidelines were developed by the Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases, with consultation and advice from diplomates of the American and European Colleges of Veterinary Dermatology. They describe optimal methods for the diagnosis and management of SBF, including isolation of the causative organism, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, selection of antimicrobial drugs, therapeutic protocols and advice on infection control. Guidance is given for topical and systemic modalities, including approaches suitable for MRSP. Systemic drugs are classified in three tiers. Tier one drugs are used when diagnosis is clear cut and risk factors for antimicrobial drug resistance are not present. Otherwise, tier two drugs are used and antimicrobial susceptibility tests are mandatory. Tier three includes drugs reserved for highly resistant infections; their use is strongly discouraged and, when necessary, they should be used in consultation with specialists.
Conclusions and clinical importance
Optimal management of SBF will improve antimicrobial use and reduce selection of MRSP and other multidrug‐resistant bacteria affecting animal and human health.
Résumé
Contexte
La folliculite bactérienne superficielle (SBF) est généralement due à Staphylococcus pseudintermedius et traitée avec des agents antimicrobiens systémiques. L'infection est la conséquence d'une baisse de l'immunité associée à des altérations de la barrière cutanée et de maladies sous‐jacentes qui peuvent être difficiles à diagnostiquer et à résoudre; ainsi, la SBF est fréquemment récidivante et des traitements répétés sont nécessaires. L'émergence de bactéries multirésistantes, en particulier S. pseudintermedius résistante à la méticilline (MRSP) a attiré l'attention sur le besoin d'une gestion optimale de la SBF.
Objectifs
Fournir un guide de recommandations international disponible pour les praticiens pour le diagnostic, le traitement et la prévention de la SBF.
Développement des recommandations
Les recommandations ont été développées par le groupe de travail des recommandations antimicrobiennes de l'ISCAID (International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases) avec la collaboration des diplômés des collèges américain et européen de dermatologie vétérinaire. Ils ont décrit les méthodes optimales de diagnostic et de gestion de la SBF, y compris l'isolement de l'organisme incriminé, les tests de sensibilité antimicrobiens, le choix de la molécule antimicrobienne, les protocoles thérapeutiques et les conseils sur le contrôle de l'infection. Une conduite est donnée sur les voies systémiques et topiques ainsi que les approches appropriées pour MRSP. Les molécules systémiques sont classées en trois groupes. Le premier groupe est utilisé quand le diagnostic est évident et les facteurs de risque pour la résistance antimicrobienne est absente. Sinon, les médicaments du deuxième groupe sont utilisés et des tests de sensibilité antimicrobienne sont nécessaires. Le troisième groupe inclus les molécules réservées pour les infections hautement résistantes, leur utilisation est fortement déconseillée et si nécessaire, elles doivent être utilisées en concertation avec des spécialistes.
Conclusions et importance clinique
La gestion optimale e SBF doit améliorer l'usage des antimicrobiens et diminuer la sélection des MRSP et d'autres bactéries multirésistantes affectant l'animal et la santé humaine.
Resumen
Introducción
la foliculitis superficial bacteriana (SBF) esta generalmente causada por Staphylococcus pseudintermedius y de forma rutinaria tratada con antimicrobianos sistémicos. La infección es consecuencia de la reducida inmunidad asociada con alteraciones de la barrera de la piel y debido a enfermedades primarias que pueden dificultar el diagnostico y el tratamiento; así pues SBF es con frecuencia recidivante y se necesitan tratamientos repetidos. La aparición de multiresistencia bacteriana, particularmente S. pseudintermedius resistente a meticilina (MRSP), ha centrado la atención en la necesidad de un manejo optimo de la SBF.
Objetivos
la provisión de un recurso disponible a nivel internacional que guíe a veterinarios en el diagnostico, tratamiento y prevención de SBF.
Desarrollo de las directrices
las directrices fueron desarrolladas por el Grupo de Trabajo de Directrices Antimicrobianas de la Sociedad Internacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas de Pequeños Animales, consultando y recibiendo consejos de diplomados de los colegios Americano y Europeo de Dermatología Veterinaria. Estas directrices describen los métodos óptimos para el diagnostico y manejo de SBF, incluyendo aislamiento del agente causal, pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana, selección de fármacos antimicrobianos, protocolos terapéuticos y consejos para el control de la infección. Se aportan directrices para las modalidades de tratamiento tópico y sistémico, incluyendo pautas adecuadas para MRSP. Los fármacos sistémicos se clasifican en tres niveles. Los fármacos del nivel uno se usarían cuando el diagnóstico es claro y no existen factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de resistencia antimicrobiana. En caso contrario, se utilizarían fármacos del nivel dos y son obligatorios el cultivo y pruebas de susceptibilidad. En el nivel tres se incluyen fármacos reservados para infecciones altamente resistentes; su uso no es recomendable y cuando sean necesarios, deben utilizarse tras consulta con un especialista.
Conclusiones e importancia clínica
el manejo optimo de SBF mejorará el uso de antimicrobianos y reducirá la selección de MRSP y otras bacterias multiresistentes que pueden afectar a la salud humana y animal.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die superfizielle bakterielle Follikulitis (SBF) wird üblicherweise von Staphylococcus pseudintermedius verursacht und routinemäßig mit systemischen Antibiotika behandelt. Eine Infektion ist die Konsequenz einer reduzierten Immunität, die mit Änderungen der Hautbarriere und zugrundeliegender Erkrankungen, deren Diagnose und Heilung manchmal schwierig sind, einhergeht; daher kehrt die SBF häufig wieder und eine Behandlung ist wiederholt nötig. Durch das Aufkommen von multiresistenten Bakterien, vor allem Methicillin‐resistentem S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), konzentriert sich die Aufmerksamkeit auf den Bedarf einer optimalen Behandlung der SBF.
Ziele
Bereitstellung einer international verfügbaren Quelle, die PraktikerInnen bei der Diagnose, der Behandlung und der Vorbeugung einer SBF unterstützt.
Entwicklung der Richtlinien
Die Richtlinien wurden von der Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group der International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases entwickelt, unter Beratung und mit Empfehlungen durch Diplomates der American und European Colleges für Veterinärdermatologie. Sie beschreiben optimale Methoden zur Diagnose und für das Management der SBF, die Folgendes beinhalten: Isolierung der verursachenden Keime, Kultur und Antibiogramme, Auswahl der antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffe, therapeutische Protokolle und Empfehlungen bezüglich Infektionskontrolle. Es werden Richtlinien erstellt für topische und systemische Modalitäten, die auch eine passende Herangehensweise für einen MRSP beinhalten. Die systemischen Wirkstoffe werden in drei Stufen klassifiziert. Die Wirkstoffe der Klasse eins werden eingesetzt, wenn die Diagnose eindeutig ist und keine Risikofaktoren für eine antimikrobielle Multiresistenz bestehen. Ansonsten werden Wirkstoffe der Stufe zwei verwendet, wobei Kultur und Antibiogramm obligatorisch durchgeführt werden sollten. Die Wirkstoffe der Stufe drei beinhalten Medikamente für hochresistente Infektionen; von ihrer Verwendung wird strengstens abgeraten und wenn nötig, sollte ihr Einsatz mit Spezialisten besprochen werden.
Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Bedeutung
Ein optimales Management von SBF wird die Verwendung von antimikrobiellen Wirkstoffen verbessern und die Selektion von MRSP und anderen multiresistenten Bakterien, die die tierische und die menschliche Gesundheit beeinträchtigen, reduzieren.
Background – Superficial bacterial folliculitis (SBF) is usually caused by Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and routinely treated with systemic antimicrobial agents. Infection is a consequence of reduced immunity associated with alterations of the skin barrier and underlying diseases that may be difficult to diagnose and resolve; thus, SBF is frequently recurrent and repeated treatment is necessary. The emergence of multiresistant bacteria, particularly meticillin‐resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP), has focused attention on the need for optimal management of SBF. Objectives – Provision of an internationally available resource guiding practitioners in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of SBF. Conclusions and clinical importance – Optimal management of SBF will improve antimicrobial use and reduce selection of MRSP and other multidrug‐resistant bacteria affecting animal and human health.
Background
Storage temperature of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) impacts cytological evaluation. The effect of storage temperature before bacterial culture has not been evaluated.
Objectives
To ...assess whether BALF storage temperature alters aerobic bacterial culture results.
Animals
Eight healthy, male, intact, purpose‐bred Beagles.
Methods
Prospective, controlled investigation. Samples of BALF were collected sterilely. Half of each sample was reserved for controls, and half was inoculated with 104 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/mL) Bordetella bronchiseptica and 102 cfu/mL Escherichia coli. Control and inoculated samples each were separated into 4 aliquots (1 plated immediately; 3 stored at 4, 24, or 37°C, respectively, for 24 hours before aerobic bacterial culture). Colony counts were compared across treatments for each organism.
Results
In inoculated samples, a statistical difference could not be detected in growth of E. coli or B. bronchiseptica between the baseline culture and BALF stored at 4°C for 24 hours before culture. However, for E. coli, growth in cfu/mL at both 24 and 37°C was higher compared to baseline (P < .05) and compared to 4°C (P < .05). For B. bronchiseptica cfu/mL, growth at 37°C was significantly different (P = .003) compared to both baseline and 4°C.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance
Samples of BALF may be stored at 4°C for 24 hours before culture without substantially altering culture results. Inappropriate storage or shipment temperature (room temperature or exposure to heat) can result in overgrowth of E. coli or B. bronchiseptica, which could alter clinical decisions.
Soy-based foods are consumed for their health beneficial effects, implying that the population is exposed to soy isoflavones in the diet. Herein, male rats at 21, 35, and 75 days of age were ...maintained either on a casein control diet, soybean meal (SBM), or control diet supplemented with daidzin and genistin (G + D) for 14 days. Feeding of SBM and G + D diets decreased testicular testosterone (T) secretion regardless of age. Altered androgen secretion was due to decreased (P < 0.05) Star and Hsd17β protein in the testes and was associated with increased (P < 0.05) Lhβ and Fshβ subunit protein expression in pituitary glands. Second, male rats were fed either a casein control diet, control diet + daidzin, control diet + genistin, or control diet + genistin + daidzin (G + D). Compared to control, feeding of all isoflavone-containing diets decreased (P < 0.05) testicular T concentrations, and more so in the G + D diet group. Interestingly, Esr1 and androgen receptor protein and pituitary Fshβ with Lhβ subunit protein were increased (P < 0.05) by feeding of genistin and G + D diets, but not the daidzin diet. However, daidzein and genistein both caused a concentration dependent inhibition (P < 0.05) of T secretion by Leydig cells in vitro with IC50 of 184 ηM and 36 ηM, respectively. Results demonstrated that altered testicular steroidogenic capacity and pituitary FSHβ and LHβ subunit expression due to soy-based diets result from specific actions by genistein and daidzein. Experiments to assess effects of isoflavone regulation of intratesticular androgen concentrations on male fertility are warranted.
The historical use of the marijuana plant for medicinal purposes is long. One of the historical uses has been for the treatment of epilepsy. Recently, the Food and Drug Administration has approved a ...highly purified cannabidiol medication for the add on therapy in people with certain forms of epilepsy. With the increase interest of the use of cannabidiol in the veterinary community, the aim of this study was to describe the disposition of a single dose of a cannabidiol medication in healthy cats in both the fed and fasted state. Pharmacokinetic analysis reveals that relative bioavailability of cannabidiol shows a near eleven-fold increase when administered in the fed state compared to the fasted state. Additionally, concentrations achieved at a dose of 5 mg/kg, may be sufficient to explore the therapeutic potential in cats with epilepsy.
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