Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is one of the most common hereditary syndromes associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Onset of polyp formation and cancer in childhood is very ...unusual but has recently been associated with a specific mutation at codon 1309 in exon 15 where a more severe phenotype is sometimes observed .We report a 12-year-old girl who presented with haematochezia. The girl’s mother and aunt had died of colon cancer which developed from untreated FAP. The other two aunts also had FAP and underwent colectomy. Endoscopy showed extensive polyps presented on the luminal surface of the entire colon. Histomorphology confirmed a low grade of intraepithelial neoplasia (IEN) in three polyps and the patient underwent colectomy. We present a review of the literature focussed on early onset of IEN in polyps in children with FAP.
Clinicians should take note of the family history and be prepared to consider much earlier intervention if symptoms occur in a child with a family history of FAP.
The study described in the paper aimed to measure the level of resistance of public sector employees to organizational changes, in order to draw a conclusion on whether the level of resistance is a ...risk to the successful implementation of change or not. The differences between the resistance of several categories of employees were observed, depending on age, education and satisfaction with personal monthly income. In addition, the most important causes of resistance to change within the sample were determined, such as: lack of involvement of employees in the process of planning change, conviction of employees about non-existence of adequate rewards for the accomplishment of change and high levels of stress at work. The findings indicate that the level of change resistance in public sector is within moderate limits, which means that this issue needs further attention in planning and management of organizational change, but, on the other hand, the situation can not be characterized as highly risky for the process of change implementation. The paper also provides a brief theoretical overview of the most important findings in the field of organizational changes in the public sector.
Comprehensive cost modeling of fiber-to-the-home passive optical network solutions, which includes outside plant, head end, and premises equipment and labor, reveals the potential of 4%-5% savings ...per subscriber (100-140) for networks with enhanced reach-and-split ratio compared with equipment available today.
We report computer simulation results of the effects on optical signal quality of passage through a cascade of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) filters-multiplexers and demultiplexers-for ...directly modulated lasers with different chirp characteristics. In particular, lasers with transient or adiabatic chirp characteristics at 2.5 Gb/s and 10 Gb/s are investigated, and we find clear differences between the laser types with respect to filter concatenation effects. Filters with an optical bandwidth suitable for a 200-GHz channel-spacing system are considered, and we evaluate the system behavior as a function of laser frequency offset for a fixed number of filters. The reference network architecture used for the simulations is an optically transparent metropolitan scale network in which the WDM signals may be demultiplexed and then multiplexed again at multiple optical network elements. The signal quality is evaluated in terms of a distortion-induced eye-closure penalty as well as the excess attenuation or loss suffered. We find that transient chirp-dominated lasers show a generally symmetric distortion penalty response to laser frequency offset, whereas the response for adiabatic chirp dominated lasers is highly asymmetric. Furthermore, the extinction ratio for the latter class of lasers can be improved, in some cases, by the appropriate offset between laser and filter center frequencies.
In the last decade, not only the interest in corporate governance has increased, but the discussion has been significantly expanded and it includes some aspects of corporate social responsibility ...(CSR). The impact of the corporate governance mechanisms on social responsibility is a research area with increasing importance. Although there is evidence of a link between ownership structure, as a corporate governance mechanism, and CSR, there is not much knowledge about the impact of foreign ownership, as ownership type, on corporate social responsibility. The aim of this paper is to find out whether there are differences in the level of CSR in companies with a different share of foreign ownership, in the Republic of Serbia. For that purpose, we used the results of a survey conducted by the authors in 2016 on a sample of 24 corporations in Serbia. The analysis included five areas of social responsibility, namely: internal CSR, responsibility to customers, community responsibility, environmental protection and CSR disclosure. The empirical results confirm that there is higher level of CSR in companies with majority foreign ownership, which reaffirms the assumption of greater transparency of the operations of foreign corporations. However, we did not find statistically significant differences in other CSR areas. The findings improve understanding of the links between corporate governance and social responsibility and point to the necessity for Serbian companies to adapt the process of reporting on corporate social responsibility in accordance with European and global frames.
In this paper we present procedures for the extraction of laser rate equation parameters. The parameters are extracted using fitting of static and dynamic measurements with simple theoretical ...expressions. In particular, chirp related parameters are extracted directly through measured chirp and power waveforms. The extracted parameters are used in a large-signal rate equation laser model to calculate the power and chirp waveforms. The simulations are compared with experiments and the agreement is excellent. The procedures have been applied to directly modulated lasers having different chirp characteristics and designed for either 2.5 or 10 Gb/s operation. Using the rate equation laser model with the extracted parameters, we performed a simulation study to identify the value of employing a negative dispersion fiber in metro-area networks. It is shown that dispersion shifted fibers with negative dispersion across the entire usable fiber bandwidth (1280–1620 nm) advances the performance of directly modulated lasers used in wavelength division multiplexed metropolitan-area transmission systems and networks. At 2.5 Gb/s transmission over 300 km of negative dispersion fibers is possible for directly modulated lasers across the erbium doped fiber amplifier bandwidth, while at 10 Gb/s an impressive distance of 100 km can be achieved.
