Climatic variability and a decrease in soil fertility have had a detrimental effect on the productivity of the main rainfed crops in Niger (millet, sorghum, and cowpea) and led to a deterioration of ...the nutritional status and income of the country's farmers. The spatio-temporal variability in rainfall has led rural populations to diversify their farms by integrating sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.) into their cropping systems because of its low water and fertilizer requirements. Sesame is increasingly becoming a significant source of income for farmers, and it contributes to their food and nutritional security. To boost the production of sesame and facilitate its rapid adoption, our breeding program focused on participatory breeding and varietal selection with the inclusion of gender-specific preferences, from the variety design to the evaluation of new lines on farms. This case study shows that, although women have more experience in sesame cultivation than men, they have less access to production factors such as land. This limited access is especially problematic, as recent trends in land tenure mean that the poorest are no longer able to exploit large areas of cultivable land. It also evidenced that the varietal preferences of sesame growers as well as the mastery of production techniques are a function of the livelihoods and the investment capacity of actors in the value chain. Our study found that men mainly prefer production traits, whereas women have fewer trait preferences, and their preferences tend to be related to marketing and processing. This finding highlights the contrasting roles and responsibilities between men and women in the sesame value chain. Therefore, the inclusion of complementary traits preferred by women and men, provided that they are not negatively correlated with a variety profile, will help meet the full range of needs across the value chain. We recommend the inclusion of gender research in setting breeding goals prior to variety design.
There has been an observed increase in theprevalence of obesity over the past few decades. The prevalence of anesthesiology related complications is also observed more frequently in obese patients as ...compared to patients that are not obese. Due to the increased complications that accompany obesity, obese patients are now more often requiring surgical interventions. Therefore, it is important that anesthesiologists be aware of this development and is equipped to manage these patients effectively and appropriately. As a result, this review highlights the effective management of obese patients undergoing surgery focusing on the preoperative, perioperative and postoperative care of these patients.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is an annual oilseed crop cultivated for its seeds which are a source of income and nutrients for farmers. In Niger, the plant is mainly cultivated on low inputs soils ...some often without added fertilizers because sesame is considered as secondary crop. A study of the response of sesame to mineral fertilization was carried out on the experimental farm of the Faculty of Agronomy and Environmental Sciences of Dan Dicko Dankoulodo University of Maradi during the rainy season 2019-2020. The SN-103 cultivar was used in a split-plot design set-up with 4 replicates. Two factors were studied : the type of fertilizer with two levels (15-15-15 and 18-46-00) and the dose at five levels (0 kg ha-1 (control), 80 kg ha-1, 300 kg ha-1, 334 kg ha-1, 368 kg ha-1). Flowering time, plant height at maturity, the number of capsules per plant, the number of branches, the grain yield and the Normalized Difference of the Vegetation Index (NDVI) were the parameters monitored. The economic benefits analysis of applying these doses were also carried. The results evidenced that there is no significant difference between the two types of fertilizer in their effects on the growth and the development parameters and that only the dose effect was significant. Higher dose of 15-15-15 or 18-46-00 significantly increase the grain yield of sesame. The rate of 368 kg ha-1 was particularly more productive with a grain yield of 837 kg ha-1. The two doses of 80 kg ha-1 and 368 kg ha-1were economically superior and stable within the price variability periodes of sesame grains. NDVI 4, measured on the 66th day after sowing, alone explains 63,30% of the variability in sesame grain yield. Although sesame is considered a less fertilizer demanding crop, it responds well to fertilization and a measured NDVI during full bloom can be an effective tool for predicting sesame seed yield.
Le sésame (Sesamum indicum L.) est un protéoléagineux à haute valeur ajoutée et cultivé dans les régions chaudes. Sa culture connait un réel intérêt pour les producteurs sahéliens ces dernières ...années. Malheureusement dans ces régions, les sols sont trop pauvres en éléments fertilisants, principalement le phosphore. Cette étude vise à évaluer les effets de la déficience en phosphore sur la croissance et le développement de plantes de sésame. Un essai a été conduit en pots dans un dispositif en bloc complet randomisé avec 2 facteurs. La variété à 10 modalités correspondant à 10 variétés de sésame vulgarisées au Niger et le phosphore à 2 modalités (condition optimale ou témoin et condition de déficience). Il ressort des résultats que la déficience en phosphore retarde la floraison de la seule variété 38-1-7 de 4 jours, réduit les biomasses aériennes de 71% et racinaire de 68%. La déficience réduit également, le nombre de feuilles et la taille des plantes. En utilisant le ratio de la biomasse aérienne en condition de déficience et celle en condition optimale de nutrition phosphatée comme proxy, les variétés DS01 et HB168 sont les plus tolérantes à la déficience en phosphore du sol. Le ratio peut donc être utilisé comme critère de criblage rapide pour la tolérance à la déficience en phosphore du sol et identifier des variétés potentielles.Mots clés : Nutrition, fertilisants, croissance, Sesamum indicum L., Sahel.
English Title: Effects of phosphorus deficiency on the growth and development of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a high added value oil and protein crop grown in hot regions of the world. Sesame production has seen a real interest for Sahelian producers in recent years. Unfortunately, in these regions, soils are too poor in nutrients, mainly phosphorus. This study aims to assess the effects of this phosphorus deficiency on the growth and development of sesame plant. A trial was conducted in pots in a completely randomized block design with 2 factors: the “Variety” with 10 modalities corresponding to 10 varieties of sesame vulgarized in Niger and the “Phosphorus” with 2 modalities (optimal or control condition and deficiency condition). The results show that phosphorus deficiency delays flowering of variety 38-1-7 by 4 days, reduces aboveground biomass by 71% and root biomass by 68% as well as the number of leaves and the height of the plants. Using the ratio of aboveground biomass in deficient condition and that in optimal condition of phosphorus nutrition as proxy, varieties DS01 and HB168 are the most tolerant to phosphorus deficiency in the soil. The ratio can therefore be used as a criterion for rapid screening for tolerance to soil phosphorus deficiency and to identify potential varieties.Keywords: Nutrition, fertilizer, growth, Sesamum indicum L., Sahel
► We screened 20 induced mutants of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) for drought tolerance. ► Chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf temperature and stomatal conductance were evaluated. ► The performance index ...was more sensitive to drought stress than the quantum yield of photochemistry. ► Drought factor index (DFI) is proposed in this work to screen for improved drought tolerance.
Drought is one of the major constraints limiting crop productivity in African Sahel. The aim of this study was to select mutant sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) lines with improved levels of drought resistance. Twenty-one M4-M5 sesame lines of unknown drought tolerance, and their three parental sources with well-known and contrasting drought tolerance levels were evaluated at the vegetative stage in a factorial pot experiment, using a completely randomized design with three replicates. After 2 weeks of growth, water was withheld for 16 days as drought stress treatment. Chlorophyll a fluorescence data, as well as stomatal conductance and flag leaf temperature were recorded during the stress period. Recorded chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were analyzed by the JIP-test to translate stress-induced damage in these transients to changes in biophysical parameters allowing quantification of the energy flow through the photosynthetic apparatus. Large genotypic differences in the extent to which drought stress affected chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were observed. Drought stress reduced the performance index and stomatal conductance, and increased flag leaf temperature but had little effect on maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry. A drought factor index is proposed in this work to screen for improved drought tolerance in twenty-one M4-M5 sesame lines. Mutant lines shi165, lc162, mc112, lc164, icn115, icn141, mt169, dwf172 and cc102 exhibited drought factor index values superior to those of the known drought tolerant cultivars Birkan and 38-1-7. A significant and negative relationship was found between the drought factor index and the leaf temperature index. Finally, we succeeded in obtaining drought tolerant lines with good secondary traits by using mutagenesis and chlorophyll fluorescence technique.
Post-harvest losses refer to food losses that occur between harvest and consumption, i.e. before the product reaches consumers. The objective of this study was to establish a diagnostic and ...evaluative situation of the three sectors tomato, potato and cabbage, in terms of post-harvest losses (PHL) at the various levels of the value chain in high production areas in Niger. On one hand, 12 groups of around 60 members each were interviewed in focus groups separately, and 120 producers (10 producers per group and by product) were investigated on the other hand. The study identified the different types of PHL, the extent of these losses, the main factors behind these losses, their impact on the producer's income and their consequences on the food and nutritional security of households. It also made it possible to identify the strategies adopted by producers to cope with these significant losses. The results of this study showed that most of the PHL are caused by physical, microbiological and physiological factors, except for potatoes where the bad faith of wholesalers devaluating an important quantity of the product, remains the main constraint causing enormous qualitative losses to producers (about 35 %). The study filled a gap in the field of post-harvest food losses, particularly in the case of market gardening. The professionalization of actors in pre-harvest techniques and their support with small processing and/or preservation equipment's remain an alternative.
Sorghum Sorghumbicolor (L.) Moench is an important food crop grown by subsistence farmers in Africa for its seeds and fodder with little or no fertilizer. Information is scarce for sorghum response ...to nutrient application for many production areas in west Africa. Research was conducted to determine macro and micronutrients response in an Integrated Soil Fertilizer Management (ISFM). The experiment was conducted both in farmerss field of Angoual Mata and at station in Tarna. Four N levels (0, 20, 40, 60 kg ha-1) were combined with five P levels (0, 7.5, 15, 22.5, 30) and four K levels (0, 10, 20, 30) to constitute 15 treatments. An additional treatment of N-P-K-Kieserite-Zn-B (40-22.5-20-15-2.5-0.5) was used to test the effect of micronutrient deficiency. These 16 treatments were tested in a randomized complete-block design with three replications at each site. The number of ears, the dry weight of ears, the weight of dry stem and grain yield were measured at maturity. Added N and P, increased yield and yield component but K did not influence these parameters. The combination of NPK with Kieserite-Zn-B yielded the highest number of ears (82) and ears weight (2300 g). On the station, the highest grain yield (1334 kg ha-1) was obtained with NPK with Kieserite-Zn-B.On farmerss field, the N-P-K combinations (40-30-0 40-22.5-20 40-22.5-30) and with Kieserite-Zn-B gave similar and highest grain yield. NPK supplementation with micronutrients such as kieserite, zinc and boron improves the number and the weight of the ears of sorghum in our studying area.
140 sesame accessions (Sesamum indicum) collected in different regions of Niger were characterized through 16 agro-morphological characters. These characters showed a great diversity within this ...collection. However, no link has been highlighted between this diversity and the geographical isolation of the collected accessions. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the hierarchical classification on the principal components (HCPC) highlighted three agromorphological groups. The group 1 accessions are the earliest and with a low vegetative development but very productive. Those of group 2 have an average precociousness and a vegetative development but as productive as those of group 1. Group 3 is that of the late ones with a very important vegetative development but low yields. The early rain cessation in September, before the end of their cycle, certainly impacted their productivity. The most discriminating variables that describe the variability between the identified groups are the precocity characters (date of start of flowering, date of 50% flowering, date of start of flower buds and physiological maturity) and vegetation characters (number of branches on the main stem, number of nodes on the main stem and length of internodes). Some accessions, with good agronomic performance, have been identified to be multiplied and distributed directly to producers or to integrate future sesame selection programs in Niger.
Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is one of the most important oils eed crops cultiv ated by man. The improvement of this crop requires a large exploitation of the available geneti c variability on whi ch ...its success depends. The present study aims to analy ze the genetic diversity within 127 accessions of the sesame collection carried out in 6 regions of Niger (Tillabéri, Dosso, Maradi , Zinder, Di ffa, and Tahoua). The Ampli fied Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker was used to assess the level and structure of genetic diversity among sesame accessions collected in Niger. DNA was extracted using the CTAB extraction method. A total of 179 bands were amplified with the EcoRI-ACT/MseI-CTA primer of which 83 .80% were poly morphic. The population st ructure indi cated that the material was divided into three populations. Sesame genetic diversity is not geog raphically structured in Niger. Principal Component Analysis (P CA) in Sesamum indicum accessions with AFLP markers showed that the variation explained by the first two axes was 10.46%. Analysis of Molecular Variance Analysis (AMOVA), based on the three populations , showed very high intra-popul ation diversity. The hypothesis that selecting genotypes of di fferent geographical origin will maximize the diversity available for a breeding project is not relevant for sesame in Niger.
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