Background: Higenamine is a stimulant with cardiovascular properties recently prohibited in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Higenamine is also a natural constituent of several ...traditional botanical remedies and is listed as an ingredient in weight loss and sports supplements sold over-the-counter in the United States.
Objectives: We analyzed dietary supplements available for sale in the United States prior to WADA's prohibition of higenamine in sport for the presence and quantity of higenamine.
Methods: All supplements labeled as containing higenamine or a synonym (i.e., norcoclaurine or demethylcoclaurine) available for sale in the United States were identified. For each brand, one sample was analyzed by NSF International (Ann Arbor, MI) and one sample by the Netherland's National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM). NSF International carried out qualitative and quantitative analyses using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry. RIVM carried out qualitative analysis using UHPLC quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry for an independent confirmation of identity.
Results: Twenty-four products were analyzed. The majority of supplements were marketed as either weight loss (11/24; 46%) or sports/energy supplements (11/24; 46%); two brands did not list a labeled indication. The quantity of higenamine (±95% CI) ranged from trace amounts to 62 ± 6.0 mg per serving. Consumers could be exposed to up to 110 ± 11 mg of higenamine per day when following recommended serving sizes provided on the label. Five products (5/24; 21%) listed an amount of higenamine, but none were accurately labeled; the quantity in these supplements ranged from <0.01% to 200% of the quantity listed on the label.
Conclusion: Dosages of up to 62 ± 6.0 mg per serving of the stimulant higenamine were found in dietary supplements sold in the United States.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We describe a novel class of benzoheptanone derived oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. The synthesis and antibacterial activities with structure variation are described.
We describe a novel class of ...benzocycloheptanone derived oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. The synthesis and antibacterial activities with structure variation is discussed.
A novel series of conformationally-restricted oxazolidinones were synthesized which possess a fused pyrazole ring substituted with various alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituents
A novel series of ...conformationally-restricted oxazolidinones was synthesized which possess a fused pyrazole ring substituted with various alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituents. A number of analogs exhibited potent activity against both Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative organisms.
The synthesis and SAR of a novel series of oxazolidinones in which the morpholine C-ring of linezolid was replaced with homomorpholine are reported.
A novel series of oxazolidinones were synthesized ...in which the morpholine C-ring of linezolid was replaced with homomorpholine. In addition to investigating the effect of a homomorpholine C-ring on antibacterial activity, the effect of des-, mono-, di-, and tri-fluoro substitution on the phenyl B-ring was investigated as well. Various C-5 functional groups were also examined, including acetamides and triazoles and carboxamides.
Oxazolidinones possessing a C-5 carboxamide functionality (reverse amides) represent a new series of compounds that block bacterial protein synthesis. These reverse amides also exhibited less potency ...against monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzymes and thus possess less potential for the side effects associated with MAO inhibition. The title compound (14) showed reduced in vivo myelotoxicity compared to linezolid in a 14-day safety study in rats, potent in vivo efficacy in murine systemic infection models, and excellent pharmacokinetic properties.
A novel series of conformationally restricted oxazolidinones was synthesized, in which the heterocyclic D ring was substituted with various amino groups. Several analogs exhibited potent activity ...against both Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative organisms. Certain amino-substituted analogs also exhibited improved aqueous solubility compared to the corresponding un-substituted heterocyclic D-ring analogs.
On the basis of previous SAR findings and molecular modeling studies, a series of compounds were synthesized which possessed various sulfonyl moieties substituted at the 4-position of the C-3 phenyl ...ring substituent of the dihydropyran-2-one ring system. The sulfonyl substituents were added in an attempt to fill the additional S3‘ pocket and thereby produce increasingly potent inhibitors of the target enzyme. Racemic and enantiomerically resolved varieties of selected compounds were synthesized. All analogues in the study displayed decent binding affinity to HIV protease, and several compounds were shown to possess very good antiviral efficacy and safety margins. X-ray crystallographic structures confirmed that the sulfonamide and sulfonate moieties were filling the S3‘ pocket of the enzyme. However, the additional substituent did not provide improved enzymatic inhibitory or antiviral activity as compared to the resolved unsubstituted aniline. The addition of the sulfonyl moiety substitution does not appear to provide favorable pharamacokinectic parameters. Selected inhibitors were tested for antiviral activity in clinical isolates and exhibited similar antiviral activity against all of the HIV-1 strains tested as they did against the wild-type HIV-1. In addition, the inhibitors exhibited good antiviral efficacies against HIV-1 strains that displayed resistance to the currently marketed protease inhibitors.
Nucleocapsid protein (NCp7), which contains highly conserved retroviral zinc fingers, is essential in the early as well as the late phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) life cycle and ...constitutes a novel target for AIDS therapy. HIV-1 NCp7 is a basic 55 amino acid protein containing two C(X)2C(X)4H(X)4C motif zinc fingers flanked by basic amino acids on each side. 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides have previously been reported to release zinc from these NCp7 zinc fingers and also to inhibit HIV replication. Specifically, 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides derived from simple amino acids showed good antiviral activities. The benzisothiazolone 3, the cyclic derivative of 2, was selected for clinical trials as an agent for AIDS therapy. Herein we report the syntheses and antiviral activities, including therapeutic indices, of 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides derived from alpha-, beta- and gamma-amino acids. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to study the zinc-ejection activity of these compounds. Among the alpha-amino acid derived 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides, analogues containing alkyl side chains were found to be antivirally active with good therapeutic indices. 2,2'-Dithiobisbenzamides, derived from beta- and gamma-amino acids, were found to possess better antiviral and therapeutic efficacies than the alpha-amino acid analogues. Thus compound 59 was found to possess an EC50 of 1.9 microM with a therapeutic index of > 50. Interestingly, 2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides derived from alpha-amino acids containing a protected acid function and polar side chains also exhibited very good antiviral activity.
Summary
Background
The goal of hepatorenal syndrome type 1 (HRS‐1) treatment is to improve renal function. Terlipressin, a synthetic vasopressin analogue, is a systemic vasoconstrictor used for the ...treatment of HRS‐1, where it is available.
Aim
To compare the efficacy of terlipressin plus albumin vs. placebo plus albumin in patients with HRS‐1.
Methods
Pooled patient‐level data from two large phase 3, randomised, placebo‐controlled studies were analysed for HRS reversal serum creatinine (SCr) value ≤133 μmol/L, 90‐day survival, need for renal replacement therapy and predictors of HRS reversal. Patients received intravenous terlipressin 1–2 mg every 6 hours plus albumin or placebo plus albumin up to 14 days.
Results
The pooled analysis comprised 308 patients (terlipressin: n = 153; placebo: n = 155). HRS reversal was significantly more frequent with terlipressin vs. placebo (27% vs. 14%; P = 0.004). Terlipressin was associated with a more significant improvement in renal function from baseline until end of treatment, with a mean between‐group difference in SCr concentration of −53.0 μmol/L (P < 0.0001). Lower SCr, lower mean arterial pressure and lower total bilirubin and absence of known precipitating factors for HRS were independent predictors of HRS reversal and longer survival in terlipressin‐treated patients.
Conclusions
Terlipressin plus albumin resulted in a significantly higher rate of HRS reversal vs. albumin alone in patients with HRS‐1. Terlipressin treatment is associated with improved renal function. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: OT‐0401, NCT00089570; REVERSE, NCT01143246).
PDF