The Control Unit of the KM3NeT Data Acquisition is the software suite that is responsible for operating all the components of the KM3NeT telescopes in a coordinated and scientifically proficient way. ...It controls a wide span of parameters and procedures, from the power supplies, to the operating voltages of more than 64000 photomultipliers in each detector block, to the setup of the various trigger algorithms that are applied online. The same software suite is also designed to be used in all test and qualification benches, from single Digital Optical Modules to full Detection Units. As the KM3NeT detectors are being incrementally built, the Control Unit is employed in a variety of setups and configurations, and is a dynamic software project, still adapting to shifting needs. The conflicting requirements of flexibility and stability are reconciled by proper code development policies. The Control Unit is able to cope with dynamically changing scenarios of multiple firmware generations coexisting in the same detector, for various reasons including hardware compatibility as well as testing purposes. The code also allows for static verification and extensive unit tests. A Central Logic Board Simulator software was also developed to help testing the whole architecture. Such a simulator provides properly faked slow control parameters, features a fully specification-compliant state machine and can generate fake data with specific profiles to feed the Trigger and Data Acquisition System. In this way, offline integration tests can be executed at each new software release, ensuring their smooth deployment to production sites and minimising chances of mistakes by operators.
The β-secretase, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), is a prime therapeutic target for lowering cerebral β-amyloid (Aβ) levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Clinical ...development of BACE1 inhibitors is being intensely pursued. However, little is known about the physiological functions of BACE1, and the possibility exists that BACE1 inhibition may cause mechanism-based side effects. Indeed, BACE1-/- mice exhibit a complex neurological phenotype. Interestingly, BACE1 co-localizes with presynaptic neuronal markers, indicating a role in axons and/or terminals. Moreover, recent studies suggest axon guidance molecules are potential BACE1 substrates. Here, we used a genetic approach to investigate the function of BACE1 in axon guidance of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), a well-studied model of axon targeting in vivo.
We bred BACE1-/- mice with gene-targeted mice in which GFP is expressed from the loci of two odorant-receptors (ORs), MOR23 and M72, and olfactory marker protein (OMP) to produce offspring that were heterozygous for MOR23-GFP, M72-GFP, or OMP-GFP and were either BACE1+/+ or BACE1-/-. BACE1-/- mice had olfactory bulbs (OBs) that were smaller and weighed less than OBs of BACE1+/+ mice. In wild-type mice, BACE1 was present in OSN axon terminals in OB glomeruli. In whole-mount preparations and tissue sections, many OB glomeruli from OMP-GFP; BACE1-/- mice were malformed compared to wild-type glomeruli. MOR23-GFP; BACE1-/- mice had an irregular MOR23 glomerulus that was innervated by randomly oriented, poorly fasciculated OSN axons compared to BACE1+/+ mice. Most importantly, M72-GFP; BACE1-/- mice exhibited M72 OSN axons that were mis-targeted to ectopic glomeruli, indicating impaired axon guidance in BACE1-/- mice.
Our results demonstrate that BACE1 is required for the accurate targeting of OSN axons and the proper formation of glomeruli in the OB, suggesting a role for BACE1 in axon guidance. OSNs continually undergo regeneration and hence require ongoing axon guidance. Neurogenesis and the regeneration of neurons and axons occur in other adult populations of peripheral and central neurons that also require axon guidance throughout life. Therefore, BACE1 inhibitors under development for the treatment of AD may potentially cause axon targeting defects in these neuronal populations as well.
In the upcoming decades, the KM3NeT detectors will produce valuable data that can be used in various scientific contexts, from astro- and particle physics to environmental and Earth and Sea science. ...Based on the Open Science policy established by the KM3NeT Collaboration, several efforts to offer science-ready data, foster common analysis approaches and publish open source software are currently pursued. In this contribution, ongoing projects focusing on the exchange of high-level data and simulation derivatives and establishment of an integrated computing environment supporting an open-science focused workflow will be discussed.
Status of the DOM electronics Real, D.; Calvo, D.; van Beveren, V. ...
Journal of instrumentation,
10/2021, Letnik:
16, Številka:
10
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Abstract
The KM3NeT collaboration has already produced electronics to assemble more than one thousand digital optical modules, which have started to be deployed at the bottom of the Mediterranean ...Sea. An upgrade of the electronics is currently underway, expecting to have a revision of it by end of 2021. Here we describe the main improvements added to the digital optical module electronics, including the new high reliability transceiver in the central logic board and the increased efficiency in the power board.
Abstract
The KM3NeT collaboration is building a deep-sea neutrino observatory in the Mediterranean Sea equipped with thousands of glass spheres, hosting the so-called digital optical modules, with an ...instrumented volume of several cubic kilometers. Reliability of the components used in the construction of the detectors is of extreme importance as the deployed detection units, each one composed of 18 digital optical modules, will not be accessible for any kind of maintenance and the detector should be functional for a period longer than 10 years. This work presents the different reliability methods used in KM3NeT to assess and improve the reliability of the electronics housed in the Digital Optical Modules of KM3NeT.
Abstract
The KM3NeT collaboration has already produced more than one thousand acquisition boards, used for building two deep-sea neutrino detectors at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, with the ...aim of instrumenting a volume of several cubic kilometers with light sensors to detect the Cherenkov radiation produced in neutrino interactions. The so-called digital optical modules, house the PMTs and the acquisition and control electronics of the module, the central logic board, which includes a Xilinx FPGA and embedded soft processor. The present work presents the architecture and functionalities of the software embedded in the soft processor of the central logic board.
Three activities hallmark meiotic cell division: homologous chromosome pairing, synapsis, and recombination. Recombination and synapsis are well-studied but homologous pairing still holds many black ...boxes. In the past several years, many studies in plants have yielded insights into the mechanisms of chromosome pairing interactions. Research in several plant species showed the importance of telomere clustering on the nuclear envelope (telomere bouquet formation) in facilitating alignment of homologous chromosomes. Homologous pairing was also shown to be tied to the early stages of recombination by mutant analyses in Arabidopsis and maize. In contrast, little is known about the mechanisms that guide homolog interaction after their rough alignment by the bouquet and before the close-range recombination-dependent homology search. The relatively large and complex genomes of plants may require additional mechanisms, not needed in small genome eukaryotes, to distinguish between local homology of duplicated genes or transposable elements and global chromosomal homology. Plants provide an excellent large genome model for the study of homologous pairing and dissection of this process.
Abstract
The KM3NeT collaboration is currently deploying the first detection units of a neutrino observatory in the Mediterranean Sea, which, once completed, will be equipped with thousands of ...so-called digital optical modules. In addition to the detection units KM3NeT has designed an independent calibration unit, housing a set of calibration instruments, including e.g. an acoustic beacon and a laser beacon. The calibration unit and the embedded software developed to operate it are presented here.
The KM3NeT collaboration is currently building two deep sea neutrino telescopes at the bottom of the Mediterranean sea. The acquisition electronics for the first phase of the telescopes has been ...produced and several Detection Units have already been deployed. For subsequent phases, an improved version of the acquisition electronics has been designed with the goal of reducing the power consumption and improving the long term reliability of the boards. The control software suite, named Control Unit, is also being upgraded, in particular to overcome hardware failures. In this article, we present the last versions of the Central Logic Board and its associated Power Board, together with the evolution of the Control Unit.
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