For decades, there have been government funded services to provide healthcare telephonically to remote sites both on the earth and in the air. This capability has evolved into what we now know as ...telehealth. The use of telehealth dramatically accelerated as a result of concerns for patient and healthcare provider safety during the SARS-CoV2 pandemic. Similarly, concerns regarding transmission of infection have required medical schools to provide robust, easily accessible virtual education options. At short notice, faculties have had to develop new telehealth focused curriculum components. However, telehealth, online education, and internet enabled research should not be simply a new way to do traditional jobs but rather, an opportunity to take advantage of how technology can best be used to develop new and better ways to provide care, educate health care providers, and support research.
Feedback and coaching Atkinson, Adelle; Watling, Christopher J.; Brand, Paul L. P.
European journal of pediatrics,
02/2022, Letnik:
181, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
If used thoughtfully and with intent, feedback and coaching will promote learning and growth as well as personal and professional development in our learners. Feedback is an educational tool as well ...as a social interaction between learner and supervisor, in the context of a respectful and trusting relationship. It challenges the learner’s thinking and supports the learner’s growth. Coaching is an educational philosophy dedicated to supporting learners’ personal and professional development and growth and supporting them to reach their potential. In clinical education, feedback is most effective when it is explicitly distinguished from summative assessment. Importantly, feedback should be about firsthand observed behaviors (which can be direct or indirect) and not about information which comes from a third party. Learners are more receptive to feedback if it comes from a source that they perceive as credible, and with whom they have developed rapport. The coaching relationship between learner and supervisor should also be built on mutual trust and respect. Coaching can be provided in the moment (feedback on everyday clinical activities that leads to performance improvement, even with short interaction with a supervisor) and over time (a longer term relationship with a supervisor in which there is reflection on the learner’s development and co-creation of new learning goals). Feedback and coaching are most valuable when the learner and teacher exhibit a growth mindset. At the organizational level, it is important that both the structures and training are in place to ensure a culture of effective feedback and coaching in the clinical workplace.
Conclusions
: Having a thoughtful and intentional approach to feedback and coaching with learners, as well as applying evidence-based principles, will not only contribute in a significant way to their developmental progression, but will also provide them with the tools they need to have the best chance of achieving competence throughout their training.
What is Known:
• Feedback and coaching are key to advancing the developmental progression of trainees as they work towards achieving competence.
• Feedback is not a one-way delivery of specific information from supervisor to trainee, but rather a social interaction between two individuals in which trust and respect play a key role.
• Provision of effective feedback may be hampered by confusing formative (supporting trainee learning and development) and summative (the judgment that is made about a trainee’s level of competence) purposes.
What is New:
• Approaches to both the provision of feedback/coaching and the assessment of competence must be developed in parallel to ensure success in clinical training programs.
• Faculty development is essential to provide clinical teachers with the skills to provide effective feedback and coaching.
• Coaching’s effectiveness relies on nurturing strong trainee-supervisor relationships, ensuring high-quality feedback, nourishing a growth mindset, and encouraging an institutional culture that embraces feedback and coaching.
This European Respiratory Society statement provides a comprehensive overview on protracted bacterial bronchitis (PBB) in children. A task force of experts, consisting of clinicians from Europe and ...Australia who manage children with PBB determined the overall scope of this statement through consensus. Systematic reviews addressing key questions were undertaken, diagrams in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement constructed and findings of relevant studies summarised. The final content of this statement was agreed upon by all members.The current knowledge regarding PBB is presented, including the definition, microbiology data, known pathobiology, bronchoalveolar lavage findings and treatment strategies to manage these children. Evidence for the definition of PBB was sought specifically and presented. In addition, the task force identified several major clinical areas in PBB requiring further research, including collecting more prospective data to better identify the disease burden within the community, determining its natural history, a better understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms and how to optimise its treatment, with a particular requirement for randomised controlled trials to be conducted in primary care.
Background It is commonly believed that the majority of infants and young children with early atopic eczema will develop asthma in later childhood. This belief is mainly based on cross-sectional ...population studies. Recent evidence suggests a more complex relationship between early eczema and asthma. Objective This systematic review was conducted to assess the risk of developing asthma in children with atopic eczema during the first 4 years of life. Methods A sensitive search was performed to identify all prospective cohort studies on the topic. By pooling the eligible reports, we calculated the risk of developing asthma at 6 years of age or older in children with atopic eczema in the first 4 years of life. Results Thirteen prospective cohort studies were included, with 4 representing birth cohort studies and 9 representing eczema cohort studies. The pooled odds ratio for the risk of asthma after eczema, compared with children without eczema, in birth cohort studies was 2.14 (95% CI, 1.67-2.75). The prevalence of asthma at the age of 6 years in eczema cohort studies was 35.8% (95% CI, 32.2% to 39.9%) for inpatients and 29.5% (95% CI, 28.2% to 32.7%) for a combined group of inpatients and outpatients. Conclusion Although there is an increased risk of developing asthma after eczema in early childhood, only 1 in every 3 children with eczema develops asthma during later childhood. This is lower than previously assumed. Clinical implications Our results may have important consequences for counseling patients with atopic eczema and their parents.
Backgrounds
Research on shared decision-making (SDM) has mainly focused on decisions about treatment (e.g., medication or surgical procedures). Little is known about the decision-making process for ...the numerous other decisions in consultations.
Objectives
We assessed to what extent patients are actively involved in different decision types in medical specialist consultations and to what extent this was affected by medical specialist, patient, and consultation characteristics.
Design
Analysis of video-recorded encounters between medical specialists and patients at a large teaching hospital in the Netherlands.
Participants
Forty-one medical specialists (28 male) from 18 specialties, and 781 patients.
Main Measure
Two independent raters classified decisions in the consultations in decision type (main or other) and decision category (diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, or other advice) and assessed the decision-making behavior for each decision using the Observing Patient Involvement (OPTION)
5
instrument, ranging from 0 (no SDM) to 100 (optimal SDM). Scheduled and realized consultation duration were recorded.
Key Result
In the 727 consultations, the mean (SD) OPTION
5
score for the main decision was higher (16.8 (17.1)) than that for the other decisions (5.4 (9.0),
p
< 0.001). The main decision OPTION
5
scores for treatment decisions (
n
= 535, 19.2 (17.3)) were higher than those for decisions about diagnostic tests (
n
= 108, 14.6 (16.8)) or follow-up (
n
= 84, 3.8 (8.1),
p
< 0.001). This difference remained significant in multilevel analyses. Longer consultation duration was the only other factor significantly associated with higher OPTION
5
scores (
p
< 0.001).
Conclusion
Most of the limited patient involvement was observed in main decisions (versus others) and in treatment decisions (versus diagnostic, follow-up, and advice). SDM was associated with longer consultations. Physicians’ SDM training should help clinicians to tailor promotion of patient involvement in different types of decisions. Physicians and policy makers should allow sufficient consultation time to support the application of SDM in clinical practice.
Almost all pediatricians working in a hospital or office environment have teaching responsibilities to learners such as medical students and residents. Although teaching and supporting learning in a ...busy work environment imposes challenges to clinical teachers, these clinical settings provide an ideal setup for experiential learning, learning from daily experiences with patients. Advances in the science of learning derived from various fields have informed us how adults learn best. Many techniques and strategies based on this “physiology of learning” have shown their educational values in everyday pediatric practice. This article outlines how clinical teachers can create the conditions to optimize experiential learning for individual or a group of learners. We highlight practical implications of educational theories and evidence-based educational practices for clinical teachers seeking to enhance their teaching effectiveness. These include promoting active learning and engaging learners in deliberate practice; retrieval of knowledge and prior experiences to enhance motivation; supporting a psychologically safe learning environment; helping learners to set goals; fostering collaborative learning; structuring teaching to link it to authentic roles and tasks; and customizing content to individual learners.
Conclusion
: Applying adult learning principles in everyday teaching activities will support busy pediatricians to be successful in their tasks as clinical teachers, and contribute to work satisfaction.
What is Known:
• Most pediatricians provide clinical teaching to medical students and residents, but few have had formal training in educational techniques.
• Learning from clinical experiences (experiential learning) is of key importance to becoming and maintaining a competent pediatrician.
What is New:
• This review presents an up-to-date overview of the physiology of learning, i.e., how people learn.
• Knowledge of the principles of how people learn helps pediatricians shape their clinical teaching effectively and contribute to their work satisfaction.
Asthma and allergic rhinitis are the two most common chronic disorders in childhood and adolescence. To date, no study has examined the impact of comorbid allergic rhinitis on asthma control in ...children.
To examine the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in children with asthma, and the impact of the disease and its treatment on asthma control.
A cross-sectional survey in 203 children with asthma (5-18 years) using validated questionnaires on rhinitis symptoms (stuffy or runny nose outside a cold) and its treatment, and the paediatric Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ). Fraction of nitric oxide in exhaled air (FeNO) was measured with a Niox Mino analyser; total and specific IgE levels were assessed by the Immunocap system.
157 children (76.2%) had symptoms of allergic rhinitis but only 88 of these (56.1%) had been diagnosed with the condition by a physician. ACQ scores were worse in children with allergic rhinitis than in those without the condition (p=0.012). An ACQ score ≥ 1.0 (incomplete asthma control) was significantly more likely in children with allergic rhinitis than in those without (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.28 to 5.91, p=0.0081), also after adjustment for FeNO levels and total serum IgE. After adjustment for nasal corticosteroid therapy, allergic rhinitis was no longer associated with incomplete asthma control (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.12, p=0.150).
Allergic rhinitis is common in children with asthma, and has a major impact on asthma control. The authors hypothesise that recognition and treatment of this condition with nasal corticosteroids may improve asthma control in children, but randomised clinical trials are needed to test this hypothesis.
Summary Background A reliable, valid, and easy-to-use assessment of the degree of wheeze-associated dyspnoea is important to provide individualised treatment for children with acute asthma, wheeze or ...bronchiolitis. Objective To assess validity, reliability, and utility of all available paediatric dyspnoea scores. Methods Systematic review. We searched Pubmed, Cochrane library, National Guideline Clearinghouse, Embase and Cinahl for eligible studies. We included studies describing the development or use of a score, assessing two or more clinical symptoms and signs, for the assessment of severity of dyspnoea in an acute episode of acute asthma, wheeze or bronchiolitis in children aged 0-18 years. We assessed validity, reliability and utility of the retrieved dyspnoea scores using 15 quality criteria. Results We selected 60 articles describing 36 dyspnoea scores. Fourteen scores were judged unsuitable for clinical use, because of insufficient face validity, use of items unsuitable for children, difficult scoring system or because complex auscultative skills are needed, leaving 22 possibly useful scores. The median number of quality criteria that could be assessed was 7 (range 6-11). The median number of positively rated quality criteria was 3 (range 1-5). Although most scores were easy to use, important deficits were noted in all scores across the three methodological quality domains, in particular relating to reliability and responsiveness. Conclusion None of the many dyspnoea scores has been sufficiently validated to allow for clinically meaningful use in children with acute dyspnoea or wheeze. Proper validation of existing scores is warranted to allow paediatric professionals to make a well balanced decision on the use of the dyspnoea score most suitable for their specific purpose.
Adherence to daily inhaled corticosteroid therapy is a key determinant of asthma control. Therefore, improving adherence to inhaled corticosteroids is the most effective method through which ...healthcare providers can help children with uncontrolled asthma. However, identifying non‐adherent patients is difficult, and electronic monitoring is the only reliable method to assess adherence. (Non‐)adherence is a complex behavioural process influenced by many interacting factors. Intentional barriers to adherence are common; driven by illness perceptions and medication beliefs, patients and parents deliberately choose not to follow the doctor's recommendations. Common non‐intentional barriers are related to family routines, child‐raising issues, and to social issues such as poverty. Effective interventions improving adherence are complex, because they take intentional and non‐intentional barriers to adherence into account. There is evidence that comprehensive, guideline‐based asthma self‐management programmes can be successful, with excellent adherence and good asthma control. Patient‐centred care focused on healthcare provider–patient/parent collaboration is the key factor determining the success of guided self‐management programmes. Such care should focus on shared decision‐making as this has been shown to improve adherence and healthcare outcomes. Current asthma care falls short because many physicians fail to adhere to asthma guidelines in their diagnostic approach and therapeutic prescriptions, and because of the lack of application of patient‐centred health care. Increased awareness of the importance of patient‐centred communication and increased training in patient‐centred communication skills of undergraduates and experienced attending physicians are needed to improve adherence to daily controller therapy and asthma control in children with asthma.
Although children wish to be included in their own healthcare, they recognize a gap between their right to be heard and their ability to become involved. Despite adaptation of medical consultation ...styles which suit a more patient-centered approach, data on the current state of child participation in clinical encounters are missing. We aimed to assess actual child participation in a Dutch pediatric clinic. Children aged 4–18 years visiting a pediatric outpatient clinic for consultation after general practitioner’s referral were included. Sixteen consultations of six pediatricians were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Quantitative measurement included word count and speech turn; conversation analysis with qualitative appraisal provided data on participatory behavior. Quantitative child participation equaled parent participation in turns (28% vs 29%, respectively), but remained limited in words (relative contribution 11% for child, 23% for parent and 66% for pediatrician). Children spoke on average six words per speech turn. Child age correlated positively with participation in words (
p
= 0.022,
r
= 0.566) and turns (
p
= < 0.001,
r
= 0.746). Children were mostly involved during social history taking, introduction, and physical examination but did not actively speak during the decision-making process. Children took an active role by instigating talks. Qualitative facilitators included appropriate language and verbal or non-verbal child allocated turns. Adults involved children by asking them questions and verifying their opinions or plans with the child. Teenagers participated most during the entire consultation, while younger children were more likely to lose their focus by the end of the conversation.
Conclusion
: Despite increased turn taking, children’s verbal participation remains low in pediatric consultations. If pediatricians and parents maintain a triadic conversation style throughout every stage of the medical encounter, child participation may increase.
What is Known:
• Verbal child participation varies between 4 and 17%, measured in turns, words, speech time, or utterances.
• Child participation is limited to social talk, laughter, and providing medical information.
What is New:
• Child speech turns equal parental speech turns (28%), but average relative word count remains low (11%).
• Three percent of the children’s turns are defined a “contributing in decision making, giving their opinion or give consent,” which equals three turns per consultation.
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