This paper shows that across multiple generations, the persistence of occupational and educational attainment in Germany is larger than estimates from two generations suggest. We consider two recent ...interpretations. First, we assess Gregory Clark’s hypotheses that the true rate of intergenerational persistence is higher than the observed rate, as high as 0.75, and time-invariant. Our evidence supports the first but not the other two hypotheses. Second, we test for independent effects of grandparents. We show that the coefficient on grandparent status is positive in a wide class of Markovian models, and present evidence against its causal interpretation.
This paper studies the average and heterogeneous effects of railway access on parish-level population, income, and industrialization in Württemberg during the Industrial Revolution. We show that the ...growth-enhancing effect of the railway was much greater in parishes that were larger and more industrial at the outset. However, such early industrial parishes were rare in the relatively poor German state. This might explain why we find small average growth effects, which only increase at the end of the nineteenth century. Heterogeneity in the impact of the railway thus increased economic disparities within Württemberg and contributed to the state’s relatively sluggish growth.
Abstract
This article studies the persistence of a large, unexpected and regionally very unevenly distributed population shock, the inflow of eight million ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe to West ...Germany after World War II. Using detailed census data from 1939 to 1970, we show that the shock proved persistent within local labor markets, but was largely reversed between labor markets. These results show that the choice of spatial units can significantly affect the estimated persistence of population shocks. They can thus help to explain why previous studies on the persistence of population shocks reached conflicting conclusions.
Following one of the largest displacements in human history, almost eight million forced migrants arrived in West Germany after WWII. We study empirically how the settlement location of migrants ...affected their economic, social and political integration in West Germany. We first document large differences in integration outcomes across West German counties. We then show that high inflows of migrants and a large agrarian base hampered integration. Religious differences between migrants and natives had no effect on economic integration. Yet, they decreased intermarriage rates and strengthened anti-migrant parties. Based on our estimates, we simulate the regional distribution of migrants that maximizes their labor force participation. Intra-German migration in the 1950s brought the actual distribution closer to its optimum.
The Fukushima Daiichi accident in Japan in March 2011 caused a fundamental change in Germany’s energy policy which led to the immediate shut down of nearly half of its nuclear power plants. Using ...data from Germany’s largest internet platform for real estate and employing a difference-in-differences approach, we find that Fukushima reduced housing prices near nuclear power plants that were in operation before Fukushima by 4.9%. Housing prices near sites that were shut down right after the accident even fell by 9.8%. Our results suggest that on the German housing market, the negative economic effects of the closure of nuclear power plants dominate potential positive changes in local amenities.
Organisierter Sport in Bewegung Braun, Sebastian
Forschungsjournal soziale Bewegungen,
06/2018, Letnik:
31, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Der Beitrag nimmt das etablierte Konzept der „partnerschaftlichen Zusammenarbeit“ zwischen staatlichen Akteuren und dem Deutschen Olympischen Sportbund (DOSB) als Ausgangspunkt, um die besondere ...Bedeutung der gesellschaftlichen Funktionszuschreibungen an den verbandlich organisierten Vereinssport in Deutschland zu erörtern. Auf dieser Basis werden dann Veränderungstendenzen in dem neokorporatistischen Arrangement mit besonderem Blick auf eine immer pluraler und kompetetiver werdende Sport- und Bewegungskultur umrissen. Abschließend wird die Bedeutung bürgerschaftlicher Selbstorganisation in Sportvereinen als Grundlage eines anders akzentuierten sportpolitischen Legitimationsansatzes skizziert.
Malalignments of the lower extremity are common reasons for orthopedic consultation because it may lead to osteoarthritis in adulthood. An accurate and reliable radiological assessment of lower limb ...alignment in children and adolescents is essential for clinical decision-making on treatment of limb deformities and for regular control after a surgical intervention.
First, does the analysis of full-length standing anteroposterior radiographs show a good intra- and interobserver reliability? Second, which parameter is most susceptible to observer-dependent errors? Third, what is the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM
) of the absolute femoral and tibial length?
Two observers evaluated digital radiographs of 144 legs from 36 children and adolescents with pathological valgus alignment before a temporary hemiepiphysiodesis and before implant removal. Parameters included Mechanical Femorotibial Angle (MFA), Mechanical Axis Deviation (MAD), mechanical Lateral Distal Femoral Angle (mLDFA), mechanical Medial Proximal Tibial Angle (mMPTA), mechanical Lateral Proximal Femoral Angle (mLPFA), mechanical Lateral Distal Tibial Angle (mLDTA), Joint Line Convergence Angle (JLCA), femur length, tibial length. Intra- and interobserver reliability (ICC
), SEM
and proportional errors were calculated.
The intra- and interobserver reliability for almost all measurements was found to be good to excellent (Intra-ICC
: 0.849-0.999; Inter-ICC
: 0.864-0.996). The SEM
of both observers was found to be ± 1.39° (MFA), ± 3.31 mm (MAD), ± 1.06° (mLDFA) and ± 1.29° (mMPTA). The proportional error of MAD and MFA is comparable (47.29% vs. 46.33%). The relevant knee joint surface angles show a lower proportional error for mLDFA (42.40%) than for mMPTA (51.60%). JLCA has a proportional error of 138%. Furthermore, the SEM
for the absolute values of the femoral and tibial length was 4.53 mm for the femur and 3.12 mm for the tibia.
In conclusion, a precise malalignment measurement and the knowledge about SEM
of the respective parameters are crucial for correct surgical or nonsurgical treatment. The susceptibility to error must be considered when interpreting malalignment analysis and must be considered when planning a surgical intervention. The results of the present study elucidate that MAD and MFA are equally susceptible to observer-dependent errors. This study shows good to excellent intra- and interobserver ICCs for all leg alignment parameters and joint surface angles, except for JLCA.
This study was registered with DRKS (German Clinical Trials Register) under the number DRKS00015053.
I, Diagnostic Study.
Abstract
Background
Intra-articular corticosteroid injections (ICSI) are an effective symptomatic treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip. However, the safety of ICSI has been questioned and a ...relatively high risk for septic arthritis, rapidly progressive osteoarthritis (RPIO) and periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) in patients undergoing subsequent total hip arthroplasty (THA) have been suggested.
Methods
This is a retrospective evaluation of 682 hips that underwent ICSI with 40 mg of Triamcinolone for primary osteoarthritis of the hip. All ICSI were performed using sterile techniques, the number of ICSI in each hip and the cumulative corticosteroid dosage were assessed. Pre- and post-injection radiographs were compared to identify cases with RPIO. Native joint septic arthritis, surgical site infections and PJI were identified by chart review.
Results
4 hips (0.6%) developed RPIO 2–4 months following ICSI. The cumulative Triamcinolone dose was not associated with the development of RPIO (p = 0.281). 1 case was diagnosed with septic arthritis and treated with staged THA, there were no signs of infection at a 5 years follow-up. 483 hips (75.7%) underwent THA, including 199 hips with THA less than 3 months following ICSI and 181 hips with > 1 ICSI prior to THA. There were 3 superficial surgical site infections/wound dehiscence and no PJI.
Conclusion
The rate of RPIO was 0.6%. The current findings suggest that if ICSI is performed under sterile conditions, the risk for septic arthritis or PJI following THA, even in patients with multiple ICSI or ICSI within 3 months prior to surgery, is minimal.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease causing limited mobility and pain, with no curative treatment available. Recent in vivo studies suggested autonomic alterations during OA ...progression in patients, yet clinical evidence is scarce. Therefore, autonomic tone was analyzed in OA patients via heart rate variability (HRV) measurements.
Time-domain (SDRR, RMSSD, pRR50) and frequency-domain (LF, HF, LF/HF) HRV indices were determined to quantify sympathetic and parasympathetic activities. In addition, perceived stress, WOMAC pain as well as serum catecholamines, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) were analyzed. The impact of the grade of disease (GoD) was evaluated by linear regression analysis and correlations with clinical data were performed.
GoD significantly impacted the autonomic tone in OA patients. All time-domain parameters reflected slightly decreased HRV in early OA patients and significantly reduced HRV in late OA patients. Moreover, frequency-domain analysis revealed decreased HF and LF power in all OA patients, reflecting diminished parasympathetic and sympathetic activities. However, LF/HF ratio was significantly higher in early OA patients compared to late OA patients and implied a clear sympathetic dominance. Furthermore, OA patients perceived significantly higher chronic stress and WOMAC pain levels compared to healthy controls. Serum cortisol and cortisol/DHEA-S ratio significantly increased with GoD and positively correlated with WOMAC pain. In contrast, serum catecholamines only trended to increase with GoD and pain level.
This prospective study provides compelling evidence of an autonomic dysfunction with indirect sympathetic dominance in early and late knee OA patients for the first time based on HRV analyses and further confirmed by serum stress hormone measurements. Increased sympathetic activity and chronic low-grade inflammation in OA as well as in its major comorbidities reinforce each other and might therefore create a vicious cycle. The observed autonomic alterations coupled with increased stress and pain levels highlight the potential of HRV as a prognostic marker. In addition, modulation of autonomic activity represents an attractive future therapeutic option.
Abstract Predictors of rebound after correction of coronal plane deformities using temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (TH) are not well defined. The following research questions were tested: (1) Is the ...dynamic knee joint load useful to improve rebound prediction accuracy? (2) Does a large initial deformity play a critical role in rebound development? (3) Are BMI and a young age risk factors for rebound? Fifty children and adolescents with idiopathic knee valgus malalignment were included. A deviation of the mechanical femorotibial angle (MFA) of ≥ 3° into valgus between explantation and the one-year follow-up period was chosen to classify a rebound. A rebound was detected in 22 of the 50 patients (44%). Two predictors of rebound were identified: 1. reduced peak lateral knee joint contact force in the first half of the stance phase at the time of explantation (72.7% prediction); 2. minor initial deformity according to the MFA (70.5% prediction). The best prediction (75%) was obtained by including both parameters in the binary logistic regression method. A TH should not be advised in patients with a minor initial deformity of the leg axis. Dynamic knee joint loading using gait analysis and musculoskeletal modeling can be used to determine the optimum time to remove the plates.
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