Early childhood is an opportune time to develop physical literacy, acquire movement skills, and promote physical activity. Little is known about early childhood educators' competence (ECEs) and ...confidence in physical literacy knowledge and its application to practice. The purpose of this research was to examine the competence and confidence of ECEs in physical literacy, and to determine whether exposure to information in this area influences their confidence level. A total of 85 participants completed an online survey. Physical activity knowledge was high; however, error detection and correction knowledge was lower, with high variability in responses. Mean confidence rating (out of 10) was lowest for locomotor skill error detection and correction (6.4 ± 1.8) and highest for physical activity promotion (7.7 ± 1.6). Confidence in movement skill development decreased significantly pre- to post-survey (p < 0.001); highlighting a potential 'topic exposure' effect. These findings demonstrate the need for physical literacy training for ECEs.
Prescribing exercise as preventive therapy Warburton, Darren E.R; Nicol, Crystal Whitney; Bredin, Shannon S.D
Canadian Medical Association journal,
03/2006, Letnik:
174, Številka:
7
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Energy expenditure of about 1000 kcal (4200 kJ) per week (equivalent to walking 1 hour 5 days a week) is associated with significant health benefits. Health benefits can be achieved through ...structured or nonstructured physical activity, accumulated throughout the day (even through short 10-minute bouts) on most days of the week. In this article we outline the means of evaluating cardiovascular and musculoskeletal fitness, the methods of evaluating physical activity levels, the current recommendations for exercise (including intensity, type, time and frequency) and the resources available for patients and physicians interested in learning more about the evaluation of physical activity and fitness levels and the prescription of exercise.
The Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q) and the Physical Activity Readiness Medical Evaluation (PARmed-X) are internationally known preparticipation screening tools developed on the ...basis of expert opinion. The primary purposes of this consensus document were to seek evidence-based support for the PAR-Q and PARmed-X forms, to identify whether further revisions of these instruments are warranted, to determine how people responding positively to questions on the PAR-Q can be safely cleared without medical referral, and to develop exercise clearance procedures appropriate for various clinical conditions across the human lifespan. Seven systematic reviews were conducted, examining physical-activity-related risks and effective risk-stratification procedures for various prevalent chronic conditions. An additional systematic review assessed the risks associated with exercise testing and training of the general population. Two gap areas were identified and evaluated systematically: the role of the qualified exercise professional and the requisite core competencies required by those working with various chronic conditions; and the risks associated with physical activity during pregnancy. The risks associated with being physically inactive are markedly higher than transient risks during and following an acute bout of exercise in both asymptomatic and symptomatic populations across the lifespan. Further refinements of the PAR-Q and the PARmed-X (including online versions of the forms) are required to address the unique limitations imposed by various chronic health conditions, and to allow the inclusion of individuals across their entire lifespan. A probing decision-tree process is proposed to assist in risk stratification and to reduce barriers to physical activity. Qualified exercise professionals will play an essential role in this revised physical activity clearance process.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
There is a growing interest in training for and competing in race distances that exceed the marathon; however, little is known regarding the vascular effects of participation in such prolonged ...events, which last multiple consecutive hours. There exists some evidence that cardiovascular function may be impaired following extreme prolonged exercise, but at present, only cardiac function has been specifically examined following exposure to this nature of exercise. The primary purpose of this study was to characterize the acute effects of participation in an ultra-marathon on resting systemic arterial compliance. Arterial compliance and various resting cardiovascular indices were collected at rest from 26 healthy ultra-marathon competitors using applanation tonometry (HDI CR-2000) before and after participation in a mountain trail running foot race ranging from 120-195 km which required between 20-40 continuous hours (31.2±6.8 h) to complete. There was no significant change in small artery compliance from baseline to post race follow-up (8.5±3.4-7.7±8.2 mL/mmHgx100, p=0.65), but large artery compliance decreased from 16.1±4.4 to 13.5±3.8 mL/mmHgx10 (p=0.003). Participation in extreme endurance exercise of prolonged duration was associated with acute reductions in large artery compliance, but the time course of this effect remains to be elucidated.
There is a paucity of research examining the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in young to middle-aged healthy individuals, and little is known about the utility of the 6MWT for predicting aerobic fitness. ...Purpose: 1) To characterize the aerobic demand of the 6MWT in a group of healthy working-aged adults; 2) to examine the ability of the 6MWT to objectively differentiate the fitness level between participants; and 3) to create prediction equations for 6MWT distance and maximal oxygen consumption (VO
2
max) using the 6MWT results in combination with easily measured anthropometric and demographic variables. Methods: Participants (N = 44; men, 23; women, 21) completed the 6MWT, VO
2
max, and a battery of simple fitness measures. Results: The aerobic demand of the 6MWT was 28.7 ± 5.7 mL·kg
-1
·min
-1
(72.7% ± 11.6% of VO
2
max). Rank order correlation revealed a moderate strength association between 6MWT distance and VO
2
max (r = 0.49; P = 0.001). Using stepwise multiple linear regression, we were able to account for 72.4% of the variance in VO
2
max using the 6MWT when combined with participant body weight, sex, resting heart rate (HR), and age according to the following equation: VO
2
max (mL · kg
-1
· min
-1
) = 70.161 + (0.023 × 6MWT m) - (0.276 × weight kg) - (6.79 × sex, where m = 0, f = 1) - (0.193 × resting HR beats per minute) - (0.191 × age y). Conclusion: The 6MWT is of moderate-to-vigorous intensity, and may be useful in the classification of aerobic fitness, which is associated with health outcomes. Inclusion of further patient characteristics greatly increases the predictive value of the 6MWT for estimating VO
2
max, which has important implications for those seeking a noninvasive and simple-to-use determinant of maximal aerobic power.
Inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance has been associated with increased risk of sport injury; however, findings are not always consistent.
To conduct a systematic review on ...whether inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance can predict sport injury.
Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SportDiscus) were systematically searched for prospective cohort studies reporting the association between inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance and sport injury.
A total of 28 prospective cohort studies were included in the analyses. Collectively, the findings were highly inconsistent, and a clear statement on the association between each asymmetry and sport injury was difficult.
Highly inconsistent findings make it difficult to create clear recommendations on the relationship between the inter-limb asymmetry in lower-limb functional performance (power, muscle flexibility, and dynamic balance) and sport injury. The influence of potential factors (selection of tests/parameters, participant characteristics, definition of injury, and ways of calculating asymmetry) should be considered when using previous findings.
Exercise is advocated in the management of type 1 diabetes (T1D), but the effects of different forms of exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in T1D still remain unclear. The aim of this ...study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on exercise training for cardiovascular risk factors in T1D. Six electronic databases were systematically searched for randomized or non-randomized controlled studies reporting associations between exercise training and cardiovascular risk factors in T1D. Weighted mean differences (WMD) of each cardiovascular risk factor between exercise groups and control groups were calculated using a random effects model. A total of 24 studies reported the effects of exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors. Exercise training increased maximal aerobic power (3.01 mL·kg
·min
, 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.94 to 6.38) and reduced glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; -0.45%, 95% CI -0.73 to -0.17), daily insulin dosage (-0.88 U·kg
, 95% CI -1.27 to -0.48), and total cholesterol (-0.38 mmol·L
, 95% CI -0.71 to -0.04). Exercise training did not lead to consistent changes in body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In persons living with T1D, exercise training is associated with a beneficial cardiovascular profile, including improvements in lipid profile, glycemic control (decreased daily insulin dosage and HbA1c), and aerobic fitness.
Summary
Physical activity is beneficial for many chronic conditions. However, activity levels of Native Americans are not well known. This systematic review investigated if Native American ...populations achieve the recommended physical activity levels, compared current and past activity levels, and assessed the ability of exercise training programmes to improve health outcomes among this population. Electronic databases (e.g. MEDLINE, EMBASE) were searched and citations were cross‐referenced. Included articles reported physical activity levels or investigations among Native Americans. This search identified 89 articles: self‐report (n = 61), accelerometry and pedometry (n = 10), metabolic monitoring (n = 10) and physical activity interventions (n = 17). Few adults were found to meet the physical activity recommendations (27.2% 95% confidence interval = 26.9–27.5% self‐report, 9% 4–14% accelerometry). Among children/youth, 26.5% (24.6–28.4%) (self‐report) to 45.7% (42.3–49.1%) (pedometry/accelerometry) met the recommendations. Adults and children/youth were generally identified as physically inactive (via doubly labelled water). Overall, Native American adults reported lower activity levels since 2000, compared to 1990s, although similar to 1980s. Few physical activity interventions employed strong methodologies, large sample sizes and objective outcome measures. There is a clear need to increase Native American populations' physical activity. Additional research is required to evaluate exercise training programmes among this population.
Purpose: Patterns of physical activity (PA) and sedentary time, including volume of bouted activity, are important health indicators. However, the effect of accelerometer epoch length on measurement ...of these patterns and associations with health outcomes in children remain unknown. Method: We measured activity patterns in 308 children (52% girls, age range = 8-11 years) using ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers with 15-s epochs and reintegrated to 60-s epochs. We calculated the volume (minutes per day) of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), sedentary time, light, moderate, and vigorous PA, as well as bouted MVPA and sedentary time (0-5 min, 5-10 min, 10-20 min, and > 20 min). Results: The difference between 15-s and 60-s epochs was statistically significant for all outcomes; however, effect sizes were small or negligible in 30% of comparisons. Bias ranged from 1.9 min/day (total MVPA) to 102.7 min/day (0-5 min sedentary bouts). Regression-based estimates of bias and 95% limits of agreement illustrated that the magnitude, and in some cases, the direction, of between-epoch differences varied with activity level. Correlations with body mass index and cardiovascular fitness were similar for 15-s (r = − .19 to .20) and 60-s (r = − .16 to .29) epochs. Estimated 15-s data (predicted from 60-s) were similar to measured data and had similar relationships with health outcomes. Conclusion: Epoch length influences measurement of PA and sedentary patterns and the effect is modified by activity level. However, associations with health outcomes were similar and epoch differences can be adjusted. Future research should clarify the accuracy of different epoch lengths for measuring bouted activity and evaluate whether epoch length alters relationships with additional health outcomes.
Exercise hypertension is a common occurrence among individuals with aortic coarctation. Although exercise is known to be beneficial among the general population, the risks and benefits of exercise ...among those with aortic coarctation are less clear. This systematic review evaluates the benefits and risks of exercise for persons with aortic coarctation. Electronic databases were systematically searched (that is, MEDLINE and EMBASE) and key reviews cross-referenced to identify articles for inclusion. Original research articles reporting exercise among individuals with aortic coarctation were included. From 2608 individual citations, 68 eligible articles were identified. Aerobic exercise stress tests were found to be useful for determining exercise hypertension experiences post-surgical repair (N=5), and other long-term secondary findings (N=3). Experiences of exercise hypertension were associated with abnormal cardiac and/or aortic geometry and cardiac function (N=7). Exercise capacity was generally found to be similar to non-aortic coarctation controls post surgery (N=6). Exercise hypertension was experienced by 27% of participants, including 10% of adults and 43% of children/youth. Individuals who experience exercise hypertension experience greater increases in systolic blood pressure with exercise. No investigations identified evaluated forms of exercise other than aerobic stress tests and no exercise training programs have been conducted to date. Exercise stress tests can be valuable in this population for determining exercise hypertension, especially in the year post-surgical repair. Additional research is urgently needed to accurately assess the benefits and risks of exercise and exercise hypertension, and applicability of exercise restrictions for this population.
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