Research to establish an evidence-base for the treatment of conduct problems and delinquency in adolescence is well established; however, an evidence-base for interventions with offenders who are ...diverted from the juvenile justice system has yet to be synthesized. The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis of experimental studies testing juvenile diversion programs and to examine the moderating effect of program type and implementation quality.
A literature search using PsycINFO, Web of Science, and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service data-bases and research institute websites yielded 28 eligible studies involving 57 experimental comparisons and 19,301 youths.
Recidivism was the most common outcome reported across all studies. Overall, the effect of diversion programs on recidivism was non-significant (
k
=
45,
OR
=
0.83,
95%CI
=
0.43–1.58). Of the five program types identified, including case management (
k
=
18,
OR
=
0.78), individual treatment (
k
=
11,
OR
=
0.83), family treatment (
k
=
4,
OR
=
0.57), youth court (
k
=
6,
OR
=
0.93), and restorative justice (
k
=
6,
OR
=
0.87), only family treatment led to a statistically significant reduction in recidivism. Restorative justice studies that were implemented with active involvement of researchers led to statistically significant reductions in recidivism (
k
=
3,
OR
=
0.69). Other outcomes, including frequency of offending, truancy, and psycho-social problems were reported infrequently and were not subjected to meta-analysis.
High levels of heterogeneity characterize diversion research. Results of this study recommend against implementation of programs limited to case management and highlight the promise of family interventions and restorative justice.
► This study meta-analyzed 28 evaluations of juvenile diversion programs with over 19,000 youths. ► Effect sizes for diversion programs compared to control groups were non-significant. ► Family-based diversion programs reduced recidivism. ► Intervention quality indicators moderated outcomes.
Public stigma toward those experiencing symptoms of schizophrenia in the general population is high; yet research into such stigma within the diverse Latino communities remains under-investigated. ...This study employed a randomized experimental vignette methodology to assess various domains of public stigma toward individuals experiencing psychosis and/or diabetes within Latino communities. A communitybased sample of 243 Latino adults participated. Contrary to our expectations, respondents who were more sympathetic toward those with mental health problems tended to score higher on public stigma. The belief that a person was responsible for their own mental health problems was associated with higher levels of stigma. Results indicate that perceptions of dangerousness toward someone experiencing psychosis were common, and the perception that a person was responsible for their mental health problems was associated with higher levels of stigma Results emphasize the complex nature of stigma within the diverse Latino communities and the need for ongoing research.
Stigma is a multifaceted barrier for individuals living with mental illness, contributing to negative stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination, and is underinvestigated in minority ethnic groups. ...This study examines the stigma within the US Jewish communities, specifically the following: a) differences in public stigma dimensions based on mental illness ( e.g. , major depressive disorder, anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, or alcohol use disorder) and sex; and b) whether participant characteristics influence the public stigma. A community-based sample of 317 self-identified Jewish individuals participated in an experimental randomized vignette survey on stigma and help-seeking beliefs toward various mental illness. Findings indicate differences in stigma based on stigmatized individuals' sex and diagnosis as well as participants' demographics. Schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder were stigmatized similarly, with lower stigma for depression and the least stigma toward anxiety. Of interest, younger males have the most treatability and professional efficacy stigma, and tailored stigma-reducing interventions are recommended.
Mental health help-seeking in China Gearing, Robin Edward; Brewer, Kathryne B.; Leung, Patrick ...
Journal of mental health (Abingdon, England),
2022-May-09, Letnik:
ahead-of-print, Številka:
ahead-of-print
Journal Article
Recenzirano
In China, mental health disorders are considered the leading causes of disability, yet treatment-seeking behaviors among individuals with mental health problems are deficient.
This study sought to ...examine attitudes and participant characteristics associated with help-seeking among adults residing in China's Shanghai metropolitan area.
This study employed a convenience cross-sectional sampling strategy and recruited 500 participants in public places in Shanghai. The survey administered in Mandarin was comprised of two sections: a series of demographic questions and standardized instruments measuring stigma and help-seeking attitudes.
Findings indicate that beliefs about seeking professional help for mental health are influenced by knowing someone with a mental health problem. In addition, men who were older, had a child, and were married endorsed more openness to help-seeking for mental health needs, underscoring the importance of life experience as an essential variable when considering attitudes toward help-seeking.
Findings support future research identifying the mechanisms by which these life experiences impact individuals' help-seeking attitudes.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
Engaging vulnerable populations in research is a critical focus for researchers seeking to find ways to improve safety and well-being for broader populations. Vulnerabilities often co-occur, meaning ...that individuals may experience vulnerabilities in multiple facets of their life (e.g., victim of abuse and mental health diagnoses). Unfortunately, many vulnerable populations remain underinvestigated due to difficulty reaching, engaging, and safely including such populations in research. While most researchers assert the importance of including vulnerable populations in research, few actively and successfully recruit them. Many vulnerable populations are understandably weary of research participation. Victims and survivors of domestic minor sex trafficking (DMST) are one such vulnerable population, in that identification may incur substantial risk for DMST victim’s physical safety and well-being. In addition, DMST victims and survivors often experience co-occurring vulnerabilities including substance use, histories of abuse, delinquency, and poor mental health. Accordingly, they are notoriously difficult to recruit for research participation. The current paper uses a detailed case example to describe the recruitment and retention strategies used by one researcher to promote DMST survivor research participation. A candid account of challenges, successes, and lessons learned is offered in service of building methodological techniques for recruitment that both honor participant experiences while championing methodological rigor. Findings detail the importance of trust and a trauma-informed approach to qualitative data collection and analysis. Authors include specific strategies to promote comfort and candor amid traumatic response in ways that may empower research participants. A detailed discussion of how such strategies may be adapted for vulnerable populations beyond DMST victims and survivors is provided.
As the largest minority population in the United States and still one of the fastest growing, it is imperative for Latinos to access appropriate and comprehensive health care, including mental health ...treatment. Current research suggests Latinos have low regard for mental health services overall. This study explores Latino's treatment preferences and pathways to care when seeking assistance for mental health related concerns using data from a community-based survey of approximately 500 Latino adults on beliefs and attitudes about mental health and help seeking. Results found that more than half of participants prefer to seek help through informal source of care (e.g., friends, family members, coworkers, religious leaders, faith healers) initially rather than formal mental health service providers (e.g., licensed health professionals, a hospital, clinic). Demographic characteristics of respondents and symptoms experienced by the person in need of help predicted preferences in preferred paths of help seeking. Implications are presented for increasing treatment engagement for Latinos with mental health concerns.
Public Significance Statement
Latinos engage less and have lower regard for formal mental health services. Our findings indicate Latinos prefer informal pathways to care; demographic characteristics of respondents, and symptoms experienced by the person in need of help predicted preferences for help seeking. It is important that policy makers and communities increase mental health literacy, knowledge of treatment options, and partner with informal care in order to improve willingness to seek and engage in formal mental health care.
Como la mayor población minoritaria de EE. UU. y también una de las de más rápido crecimiento, es crucial que las/os latinas/os accedan a una atención médica adecuada e integral, incluido el tratamiento de la salud mental. Las investigaciones actuales sugieren que las/os latinas/os tienen baja estima por los servicios de salud mental en general. En este estudio se exploran las preferencias de tratamiento y las vías de atención de las/os latinas/os cuando buscan ayuda para cuestiones relacionadas con la salud mental mediante el uso de datos de una encuesta comunitaria realizada a aproximadamente 500 personas adultas latinas sobre creencias y actitudes acerca de la salud mental y la búsqueda de ayuda. Los resultados revelaron que más de la mitad de las/os participantes prefieren buscar ayuda inicialmente por medio de fuentes informales de atención (p. ej., amigos, familiares, compañeros de trabajo, líderes religiosos, sanadores religiosos) en lugar de proveedores formales de servicios de salud mental (p. ej., profesionales de la salud formales, un hospital, una clínica). Las características demográficas de las personas encuestadas y los síntomas experimentados por la persona necesitada de ayuda predijeron las preferencias en las vías preferidas de búsqueda de ayuda. Se presentan las implicaciones para fortalecer el compromiso con el tratamiento de las/os latinas/os que presentan problemas de salud mental.
Suicide continues to be a significant public health concern impacting all cultural and ethnic groups in the United States. Although prior studies indicate that Latino individuals die by suicide at ...lower rates than their non-Hispanic White or Asian peers, recent data in this area indicate that suicide rates for Latino individuals are rising. Currently, little is known about how Latino individuals perceive those who are experiencing suicidal ideation and the factors that are associated with stigma toward people contemplating self-harm. To address this gap, a convenience sample of 248 adults in the United States identifying as Latino participated in an experimental vignette study investigating their perceptions of persons experiencing suicidal ideation. Results show that generation of immigration significantly predicted various domains of stigma toward individuals with suicidal ideation. Older participants and participants with more children were associated with higher levels of stigma. The gender or age of the person experiencing suicidal ideation did not impact the levels of stigma across domains. Results indicate a need to increase the overall health literacy in relation to suicide within Latino communities, particularly in relation to early identification of suicidal ideation. Implications for future research and practice with Latino communities are offered.
Public Policy Relevance Statement
Although the number of Latino individuals dying by suicide has increased during the last 15 years, stigma toward suicide in Latino communities remains. Respondent demographic characteristics such as age, generational status, and number of children were predictive of higher levels of stigma toward those experiencing suicidal ideation. There remains a need to decrease suicide-related sigma and to increase the overall health literacy within Latino communities.
China accounts for an estimated third of the world’s suicides, yet individuals experiencing suicidality typically do not seek out or receive treatment. This study examines community perceptions and ...public stigma toward suicide. In Shanghai, China 186 adults were recruited to participate in a survey with an experimental vignette describing a suicidal individual, manipulated on gender and age, followed by questions eliciting attitudes toward suicide. Most participants agreed that the suicidal subject had a serious problem, with seriousness of the problem decreasing with participant’s age. Participants reported moderate levels of public stigma. More stigma was found toward adolescent subjects rather than adult. Male subjects were perceived as being more likely to change than females. The public’s accurate view of suicide without biases could help prevent suicide from getting worse. Public perceptions regarding a suicidal individual’s likelihood to change could lead to stigma reduction, which can subsequently help with effective crisis intervention.
This study explores stigma-related beliefs within the Latino community concerning alcohol misuse. A community-based convenience sample of 251 self-identified Latino adults were recruited to ...participate in a research study using an experimental vignette methodology. Participants were randomly assigned one of four vignettes about alcohol misuse and asked to share their attitudes and stigma-related beliefs about the problem and the person in the vignette. Sociodemographic characteristics of participants differentially predicted alcohol-related stigma. These data may be used to inform health literacy and stigma reduction interventions within the Latino community.
This study examines the influence of cultural context on social distance and perceptions of stigma towards mental health conditions among Latino populations in Houston, TX, USA and Mexico City, ...Mexico. We employed a community-based experimental vignette survey to assess perceptions towards individuals experiencing symptoms of alcohol misuse, depression, and psychosis. Participants (
n
= 513) from Houston and Mexico City were asked about their willingness to accept community members experiencing mental health symptoms in various social roles, their perceptions of stigma related to these symptoms, anticipated danger, possible positive outcomes, and the community member’s ability to change. Findings demonstrate significant differences in stigma perceptions between Latino respondents in the US and in Mexico. Houston participants reported lower public stigma and perceived dangerousness of someone with mental health concerns compared to respondents in Mexico City. Furthermore, the cultural context may influence the association between various dimensions of stigma, with some inverse relationships occurring based on location of data collection. Findings illuminate the complex interplay between cultural context, mental health symptoms, and stigma, and underscores the need for culturally nuanced interventions to reduce mental health stigma and promote service utilization in Latino communities.
