Unwanted birth is an important public health concern due to its negative association with adverse outcomes of mothers and children as well as socioeconomic development of a country. Although a number ...of studies have been investigated the determinants of unwanted births through logistic regression analysis, an extensive assessment using path model is lacking. In the current study, we applied path analysis to know the important covariates for unwanted births in Bangladesh.
The study used data extracted from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011. It considered sub-sample consisted of 7,972 women who had given most recent births five years preceding the date of interview or who were currently pregnant at survey time. Correlation analysis was used to find out the significant association with unwanted births. This study provided the factors affecting unwanted births in Bangladesh. The path model was used to determine the direct, indirect and total effects of socio-demographic factors on unwanted births.
The result exhibited that more than one-tenth of the recent births were unwanted in Bangladesh. The differentials of unwanted births were women's age, education, age at marriage, religion, socioeconomic status, exposure of mass-media and use of family planning. In correlation analysis, it showed that unwanted births were positively correlated with women age and place of residence and these relationships were significant. On the contrary, unwanted births were inversely significantly correlated with education and social status. The total effects of endogenous variables such as women age, place of residence and use of family planning methods had favorable effect on unwanted births.
Policymakers and program planners need to design programs and services carefully to reduce unwanted births in Bangladesh, especially, service should focus on helping those groups of women who were identified in the analysis as being at increased risks of unwanted births- older women, illiterate, low socioeconomic status, early age at marriage and rural poor susceptible women.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE—The safety and efficacy of mechanical thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke has been demonstrated. However, the impact of stent retriever size on clinical and ...angiographic outcomes is not well established.
METHODS—This was a retrospective ad hoc analysis of data from the STRATIS (Systematic Evaluation of Patients Treated With Neurothrombectomy Devices for Acute Ischemic Stroke) registry—a prospective, multicenter study of patients with large vessel occlusion treated with the Solitaire stent retriever. An independent core laboratory, blinded to clinical outcomes, reviewed all procedures and angiographic data to classify stent retriever size, targeted clot location, recanalization after each pass, and the number of stent retriever passes. The primary angiographic end point was first-pass effect (FPE) as determined by a core laboratory and defined as achieving near-complete revascularization (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction ≥2c) after the first pass without the use of rescue therapy. Rates of modified FPE were also assessed, defined as meeting all criteria for FPE but achieving modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction ≥2b after first pass. The primary clinical end point was functional independence (modified Rankin Scale, 0–2) at 3 months as determined on-site. Outcome comparisons were made across the stent retriever size groups and adjusted for baseline characteristics.
RESULTS—Of 715 patients, a 4×20 stent retriever was used in 201 (28%) patients, 4×40 was used in 270 (38%) patients, and 6×30 was used in 244 (34%) patients. The 4×40 group had the highest rate of FPE (P=0.003 versus 6×30) and modified FPE (P=0.038 versus 4×20; P=0.0001 versus 6×30). Final revascularization was not significantly different across the groups, and there were no significant differences in functional dependence or mortality at 90 days post-procedure. Use of the longer stent retriever (4×40) was an independent predictor of achieving modified FPE (P=0.037 versus 6×30; P=0.037 versus 4×20).
CONCLUSIONS—The longer stent retriever (4×40) demonstrated the highest rate FPE and modified FPE compared with larger diameter or shorter stent retrievers, suggesting that their routine use may improve early revascularization success.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION—URLhttps://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifierNCT02239640.
The leaf extract of Muntingia calabura is being first reported to be used for the synthesis superparamagnetic hematite nanoparticles by following the green-chemistry approach. Field Emission – ...Scanning Electron Microscopic image revealed the formation of irregular nano spheroids averaging at 48.57 nm in size and characteristic of Fe and O atoms, as revealed by Energy Dispersive X-Ray spectrum. X-ray diffraction analysis results proved the crystallinity of hematite diffraction planes with crystallite sizes averaging at 30.68 nm. The lattice parameter values stayed concordant with the literature. The superparamagnetic nature was attested by the high value of saturation magnetism (2.20 emu/g) with negligible coercivity and retentivity. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy results affirmed numerous moieties involved in the synthesis of hematite nanoparticles and the existence of signature Fe–O bands. Thermogravimetric analysis studies portrayed the thermal behavior nanoparticles with 28% weight loss and thermal stability was attained after 700 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the valence states of Fe and O in the hematite nanoparticles and ascertained the purity. The mesoscopic structure was revealed by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller studies with considerable surface area (112.50 m2/g). The Fenton-like catalysis mediated by the nanoparticle sample was demonstrated by degrading methylene blue dye. The remarkable degradation efficiency of 93.44% was obtained and the kinetics was conformed to a second-order model with a high R2 value. Therefore, the highly crystalline and mesoporous superparamagnetic hematite spheroids prepared using the leaf extract of M. calabura would find promising applications in various catalysis processes.
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•Hematite nanoparticles were synthesized using Muntingia calabura leaf extract.•Spherical aggregates were witnessed in FE-SEM image.•A high specific-surface area of 112.50 m2/g was observed by BET analysis.•The nanoparticles were superparamagnetic with high Ms value (2.20 emu/g).•Fenton-like catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye was demonstrated.
The impact of zinc (Zn) sufficiency/supplementation on COVID-19-associated mortality and incidence (SARS-CoV-2 infections) remains unknown. During an infection, the levels of free Zn are reduced as ...part of “nutritional immunity” to limit the growth and replication of pathogen and the ensuing inflammatory damage. Considering its key role in immune competency and frequently recorded deficiency in large sections of different populations, Zn has been prescribed for both prophylactic and therapeutic purposes in COVID-19 without any corroborating evidence for its protective role. Multiple trials are underway evaluating the effect of Zn supplementation on COVID-19 outcome in patients getting standard of care treatment. However, the trial designs presumably lack the power to identify negative effects of Zn supplementation, especially in the vulnerable groups of elderly and patients with comorbidities (contributing 9 out of 10 deaths; up to >8,000-fold higher mortality). In this study, we have analyzed COVID-19 mortality and incidence (case) data from 23 socially similar European populations with comparable confounders (population: 522.47 million; experiencing up to >150-fold difference in death rates) and at the matching stage of the pandemic (March 12 to June 26, 2020; first wave of COVID-19 incidence and mortality). Our results suggest a positive correlation between populations’ Zn-sufficiency status and COVID-19 mortality
r
(23): 0.7893–0.6849, p-value < 0.0003 as well as incidence
r
(23):0.8084–0.5658; p-value < 0.005. The observed association is contrary to what would be expected if Zn sufficiency was protective in COVID-19. Thus, controlled trials or retrospective analyses of the adverse event patients’ data should be undertaken to correctly guide the practice of Zn supplementation in COVID-19.
Extensive usage of automobiles has certain disadvantages and one of them is its negative effect on environment. Carbon dioxide (CO
2
), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), oxides of nitrogen (NO
...x
), sulphur dioxide (SO
2
) and particulate matter (PM) come out as harmful products during incomplete combustion from internal combustion (IC) engines. As these substances affect human health, regulatory bodies impose increasingly stringent restrictions on the level of emissions coming out from IC engines. This trend suggests the urgent need for the investigation of all aspects relevant to emissions. It is required to modify existing engine technologies and to develop a better after-treatment system to achieve the upcoming emission norms. Diesel engines are generally preferred over gasoline engines due to their undisputed benefit of fuel economy and higher torque output. However, diesel engines produce higher emissions, particularly NO
x
and PM. Aftertreatment systems are costly and occupy more space, hence, in-cylinder solutions are preferred in reducing emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) technology has been utilized previously to reduce NO
x
. Though it is quite successful for small engines, problem persists with large bore engines and with high rate of EGR. EGR helps in reducing NO
x
, but increases particulate emissions and fuel consumption. Many in-cylinder solutions such as lower compression ratios, modified injection characteristics, improved air intake system etc. are required along with EGR to accomplish the future emission norms. Modern combustion techniques such as low temperature combustion (LTC), homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI), premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) etc. would be helpful for reducing the exhaust emissions and improving the engine performance. However, controlling of autoignition timing and achieving wider operating range are the major challenges with these techniques. A comprehensive review of diesel engine performance and emission characteristics is given in this paper.
* In this study an attempt has been made to propose a way to develop new distribution. For this purpose, we need only idea about distribution function. Some important statistical properties of the ...new distribution like moments, cumulants, hazard and survival function has been derived. The Renyi entropy, Shannon entropy has been obtained. Also ML estimate of parameter of the distribution is obtained, that is not closed form. Therefore, numerical technique is used to estimate the parameter. Some real data sets are used to check the suitability of the proposed distribution over some other existing one parameter lifetime distributions. The various diagnostic tools such as--2LL, AIC, BIC and K-S test shows that the proposed distribution provides better fit than other distributions for the considered data sets. Keywords: * induced distribution; Bonferroni and Gini index; entropy; generating function; hazard function; MLE; MRLF; order statistics.
A very special type of pneumonic disease that generated the COVID‐19 pandemic was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and is spreading all over the world. The ongoing outbreak presents ...a challenge for data scientists to model COVID‐19, when the epidemiological characteristics of the COVID‐19 are yet to be fully explained. The uncertainty around the COVID‐19 with no vaccine and effective medicine available until today create additional pressure on the epidemiologists and policy makers. In such a crucial situation, it is very important to predict infected cases to support prevention of the disease and aid in the preparation of healthcare service. In this paper, we have tried to understand the spreading capability of COVID‐19 in India taking into account of the lockdown period. The numbers of confirmed cases are increased in India and states in the past few weeks. A differential equation based simple model has been used to understand the pattern of COVID‐19 in India and some states. Our findings suggest that the physical distancing and lockdown strategies implemented in India are successfully reducing the spread and that the tempo of pandemic growth has slowed in recent days.
Endovascular therapy has become a promising alternative for patients who are ineligible for IV thrombolysis or for whom it has failed. Greater knowledge about the composition of thromboembolic ...material underlying the vascular occlusion in stroke patients may provide the means for improving existing endovascular therapies and developing new treatment strategies. The objective of this article is to provide a review of clinical and experimental animal studies on the histology, imaging correlation, and ultrastructure of thromboemboli retrieved during acute ischemic stroke.
Abstract
Bright, energetic, and directional electron bunches are generated through efficient energy transfer of relativistic intense (~ 10
19
W/cm
2
), 30 femtosecond, 800 nm high contrast laser ...pulses to grating targets (500 lines/mm and 1000 lines/mm), under surface plasmon resonance (SPR) conditions. Bi-directional relativistic electron bunches (at 40° and 150°) are observed exiting from the 500 lines/mm grating target at the SPR conditions. The surface plasmon excited grating target enhances the electron flux and temperature by factor of 6.0 and 3.6, respectively, compared to that of the plane substrate. Particle-in-Cell simulations indicate that fast electrons are emitted in different directions at different stages of the laser interaction, which are related to the resultant surface magnetic field evolution. This study suggests that the SPR mechanism can be used to generate multiple, bright, ultrafast relativistic electron bunches for a variety of applications.
ObjectiveWe sought to evaluate the association between low birth weight (LBW) and outcomes following neonatal cardiac surgery in a low-income and middle-income country setting where LBW prevalence is ...high and its impact on surgical outcomes is undefined.DesignSingle-centre retrospective cohort study.SettingReferral paediatric hospital in Southern IndiaPatientsAll neonatal cardiac surgical cases between January 2011 and December 2018. LBW was defined as <2.5 kg.Main outcome measuresPatient demographics, corrective versus palliative surgery and postoperative outcomes were collected from the institutional database which undergoes regular audit as part of International Quality Improvement Collaborative for Congenital Heart Disease. In-hospital mortality was the primary outcome measure.ResultsOf 569 neonatal cardiac operations, 123 (21.6%) had LBW (mean: 2.2±0.3 kg); 18.7% <2 kg and 21.1% were preterm (<37 weeks). Surgery type (corrective vs palliative) or non-cardiac anomalies were not associated with birth weight. Birth weight did not correlate with ICU length of stay (LOS) and mechanical ventilation but was lower in those with postoperative sepsis. Overall in-hospital mortality was 7.0%; LBW neonates had higher mortality (OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.09 to 4.29, p=0.025). Multivariable analyses revealed birth weight (OR per 100 g decrease in weight: 1.12; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.22), age at surgery (OR per day increase in age of 0.93; 95% CI 0.87 to 0.99) and palliative intervention (OR 4.46 (95% CI 1.91 to 10.44) as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality.ConclusionLBW adversely impacts in-hospital mortality outcomes following neonatal cardiac surgery in a resource-limited setting without increase in ICU or hospital LOS.
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