A growing network of ice cores reveals the past 800,000 years of Antarctic climate and atmospheric composition. The data show tight links among greenhouse gases, aerosols and global climate on many ...timescales, demonstrate connections between Antarctica and distant locations, and reveal the extraordinary differences between the composition of our present atmosphere and its natural range of variability as revealed in the ice core record. Further coring in extremely challenging locations is now being planned, with the goal of finding older ice and resolving the mechanisms underlying the shift of glacial cycles from 40,000-year to 100,000-year cycles about a million years ago, one of the great mysteries of climate science.
Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during times of past abrupt climate change may help us better understand climate-carbon cycle feedbacks. Previous ice core studies reveal simultaneous increases in ...atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic temperature during times when Greenland and the northern hemisphere experienced very long, cold stadial conditions during the last ice age. Whether this relationship extends to all of the numerous stadial events in the Greenland ice core record has not been clear. Here we present a high-resolution record of atmospheric CO2 from the Siple Dome ice core, Antarctica for part of the last ice age. We find that CO2 does not significantly change during the short Greenlandic stadial events, implying that the climate system perturbation that produced the short stadials was not strong enough to substantially alter the carbon cycle.
Abstract Ice core records of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) throughout the last 2000 years provide context for the unprecedented anthropogenic rise in atmospheric CO 2 and insights into global carbon cycle ...dynamics. Yet the atmospheric history of CO 2 remains uncertain in some time intervals. Here we present measurements of CO 2 and methane (CH 4 ) in the Skytrain ice core from 1450 to 1700 CE. Results suggest a sudden decrease in CO 2 around 1610 CE in one widely used record may be an artefact of a small number of anomalously low values. Our analysis supports a more gradual decrease in CO 2 of 0.5 ppm per decade from 1516 to 1670 CE, with an inferred land carbon sink of 2.6 PgC per decade. This corroborates modelled scenarios of large-scale reorganisation of land use in the Americas following New World-Old World contact, whereas a rapid decrease in CO 2 at 1610 CE is incompatible with even the most extreme land-use change scenarios.
Greenland ice core water isotopic composition (δ18O) provides detailed evidence for abrupt climate changes but is by itself insufficient for quantitative reconstruction of past temperatures and their ...spatial patterns. We investigate Greenland temperature evolution during the last deglaciation using independent reconstructions from three ice cores and simulations with a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model. Contrary to the traditional δ18O interpretation, the Younger Dryas period was 4.5° ± 2°C warmer than the Oldest Dryas, due to increased carbon dioxide forcing and summer insolation. The magnitude of abrupt temperature changes is larger in central Greenland (9° to 14°C) than in the northwest (5° to 9°C), fingerprinting a North Atlantic origin. Simulated changes in temperature seasonality closely track changes in the Atlantic overturning strength and support the hypothesis that abrupt climate change is mostly a winter phenomenon.
Global climate and the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are correlated over recent glacial cycles. The combination of processes responsible for a rise in atmospheric CO2 at the last ...glacial termination (23,000 to 9,000 years ago), however, remains uncertain. Establishing the timing and rate of CO2 changes in the past provides critical insight into the mechanisms that influence the carbon cycle and helps put present and future anthropogenic emissions in context. Here we present CO2 and methane (CH4) records of the last deglaciation from a new high-accumulation West Antarctic ice core with unprecedented temporal resolution and precise chronology. We show that although low-frequency CO2 variations parallel changes in Antarctic temperature, abrupt CO2 changes occur that have a clear relationship with abrupt climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere. A significant proportion of the direct radiative forcing associated with the rise in atmospheric CO2 occurred in three sudden steps, each of 10 to 15 parts per million. Every step took place in less than two centuries and was followed by no notable change in atmospheric CO2 for about 1,000 to 1,500 years. Slow, millennial-scale ventilation of Southern Ocean CO2-rich, deep-ocean water masses is thought to have been fundamental to the rise in atmospheric CO2 associated with the glacial termination, given the strong covariance of CO2 levels and Antarctic temperatures. Our data establish a contribution from an abrupt, centennial-scale mode of CO2 variability that is not directly related to Antarctic temperature. We suggest that processes operating on centennial timescales, probably involving the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation, seem to be influencing global carbon-cycle dynamics and are at present not widely considered in Earth system models.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, KISLJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Reconstructions of ancient atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) variations help us better understand how the global carbon cycle and climate are linked. We compared CO₂ variations on millennial time ...scales between 20,000 and 90,000 years ago with an Antarctic temperature proxy and records of abrupt climate change in the Northern Hemisphere. CO₂ concentration and Antarctic temperature were positively correlated over millennial-scale climate cycles, implying a strong connection to Southern Ocean processes. Evidence from marine sediment proxies indicates that CO₂ concentration rose most rapidly when North Atlantic Deep Water shoaled and stratification in the Southern Ocean was reduced. These increases in CO₂ concentration occurred during stadial (cold) periods in the Northern Hemisphere, several thousand years before abrupt warming events in Greenland.
Abstract
We report on the serendipitous discovery of three transient millimeter-wave sources using data from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope. The first, detected at R.A
.
= 273.8138, decl. = −49.4628 ...at ∼50
σ
total, brightened from less than 5 mJy to at least 1100 mJy at 150 GHz with an unknown rise time shorter than 13 days, during which the increase from 250 mJy to 1100 mJy took only 8 minutes. Maximum flux was observed on 2019 November 8. The source’s spectral index in flux between 90–150 GHz was positive,
α
= 1.5 ± 0.2. The second, detected at R.A. = 105.1584, decl
.
= −11.2434 at ∼20
σ
total, brightened from less than 20 mJy to at least 300 mJy at 150 GHz with an unknown rise time shorter than 8 days. Maximum flux was observed on 2019 December 15. Its spectral index was also positive,
α
= 1.8 ± 0.2. The third, detected at R.A
.
= 301.9952, decl. = 16.1652 at ∼40
σ
total, brightened from less than 8 mJy to at least 300 mJy at 150 GHz over a day or less but decayed over a few days. Maximum flux was observed on 2018 September 11. Its spectrum was approximately flat, with a spectral index of
α
= −0.2 ± 0.1. None of the sources were polarized to the limits of these measurements. The two rising-spectrum sources are coincident in position with M and K stars, while the third is coincident with a G star.
The present investigation elucidates the effects of substrate curvature on the durability of Air Plasma Sprayed (APS) Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs). Traditionally, planar disk specimens are ...utilized in Furnace Cycle Testing (FCT). In most cases, delamination is initiated at the disk's free edge and then propagates along the TBC-bond coat interface. However, in turbine components (e.g., blades/vanes), they lack significant free edges and the coatings are deposited on non-flat surfaces of varying radii of curvature. These geometrical discrepancies imply significant differences in the stress states as compared to planar disk specimens. Therefore, the part geometry inevitably affects the TBC failure mechanisms in the turbine system, and consequently influences TBC durability. Nevertheless, these effects have not been fully explored in the past, despite the anecdotal knowledge which suggests the leading edge of turbine blades to be one of the most common failure/spallation locations.
In this study, representative TBC systems were deposited onto superalloy disks with flat substrate and rods with curved substrate. The experimental results from FCT suggest TBC durability on rods is significantly lower than when sprayed on disks. Furthermore, the durability of TBCs on rods appears to increase with higher porosity, which is contradictory to reported trends for TBCs on disks. In addition, the effects of various bond coats are not consistent with those observed in disks. To clarify the underlying effects of curved geometries, detailed stress analyses were performed. They revealed a state of thermal stresses which is unique to curved geometries. It was found that TBC on rods experience tensile radial stresses as well as tensile hoop stresses during the cooling. These stresses result in a complex interplay in failure processes in rods, which explains the different observed trends in the durability from those obtained with disks.
•A systematic Furnace Cycle Test (FCT) study of APS 7YSZ TBCs on rod substrates was conducted•Initial results revealed TBCs on rods yield <10% durability vs. planar disks•Higher porosity TBCs yielded higher durability on rods•The radial stress (unique to rod TBCs) provides the difference in failure mode•The failure mechanisms change when the substrate geometry or bond coat are changed
The causal mechanisms responsible for the abrupt climate changes of the Last Glacial Period remain unclear. One major difficulty is dating ice-rafted debris deposits associated with Heinrich events: ...Extensive iceberg influxes into the North Atlantic Ocean linked to global impacts on climate and biogeochemistry. In a new ice core record of atmospheric methane with ultrahigh temporal resolution, we find abrupt methane increases within Heinrich stadials 1, 2,4, and 5 that, uniquely, have no counterparts in Greenland temperature proxies. Using a heuristic model of tropical rainfall distribution, we propose that Hudson Strait Heinrich events caused rainfall intensification over Southern Hemisphere land areas, thereby producing excess methane in tropical wetlands. Our findings suggest that the climatic impacts of Heinrich events persisted for 740 to 1520 years.
A precise relative chronology for Greenland and West Antarctic paleotemperature is extended to 90,000 years ago, based on correlation of atmospheric methane records from the Greenland Ice Sheet ...Project 2 and Byrd ice cores. Over this period, the onset of seven major millennial-scale warmings in Antarctica preceded the onset of Greenland warmings by 1500 to 3000 years. In general, Antarctic temperatures increased gradually while Greenland temperatures were decreasing or constant, and the termination of Antarctic warming was apparently coincident with the onset of rapid warming in Greenland. This pattern provides further evidence for the operation of a "bipolar see-saw" in air temperatures and an oceanic teleconnection between the hemispheres on millennial time scales.
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