This paper presents an analysis of the updated version of the Front-End Board (FEB) for the NectarCAM camera, developed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO). The FEB is a critical ...component responsible for reading and converting signals from the camera's photo-multiplier tubes into digital data and generating module-level trigger signals. This study provides an overview of the design and performance of the new FEB version, including the use of an improved NECTAr3 chip with advanced features. The NECTAr3 chip contains a switched capacitor array for sampling signals at 1 GHz and a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (ADC) for digitization upon receiving a trigger signal. The integration of the new NECTAr3 chip results in a significant reduction of NectarCAM's deadtime by an order of magnitude compared to the previous version. The paper also presents the results of laboratory testing, including measurements of timing performance, linearity, dynamic range, and deadtime, to characterize the new FEB's performance.
La bio-impédancemétrie (BIA) perd en précision chez les athlètes très minces ou très lourds à cause de limitations du modèle traditionnel qui assimile le corps à un cylindre. Ces limitations sont ...corrigées par un modèle plus proche de la réalité anatomique, utilisé par la BIA segmentaire.
Nous avons testé un nouveau dispositif utilisant cette approche, le Biacorpus RX4000 (Healthnesslink, France), que nous avons validé d’abord contre la DEXA et ensuite utilisé chez une équipe de rugbymen. La validation chez 96 sujets couvrant un éventail de IMC 13–48kg/m2 a montré pour la masse grasse (MG) une concordance remarquable (r=0,988 ; erreur moyenne 0,532 95 % intervalle de confiance, IC : −0,495 ; 1,56) avec DEXA. La composition de chaque segment est prédite avec précision (r=0,823–0,958). Dans une équipe de 29 rugbymen (âge : 18–31ans ; indice de masse corporelle moyen : 29 allant de 21 à 41kg/m2), nous avons trouvé un % moyen de masse grasse de 18,46 %, la masse musculaire étant en moyenne du double de la masse grasse. Alors que ni la masse musculaire mesurée avec BIA, ni la BCM n’étaient prédictifs des mesures de performance de sprint, le temps de 10m en sprint était fortement corrélé à la masse grasse (r=0,738, p<0,01) et au pourcentage de masse grasse (r=0,750, p<0,01). De même le temps mis à effectuer le test de sprints répétés de Gacon 45-15 était corrélé à la masse grasse (r=0,783, p<0,01) et au % FM de masse grasse (r=0,693, p<0,01).
Ainsi, cette technique nouvelle de BIA segmentaire fournit une détermination plus précise de la masse maigre et de la masse grasse chez les sujets minces et obèses, et fournit des mesures fortement corrélées avec la performance au sprint et au test de Gacon chez les rugbymen, mettant en évidence l’effet négatif d’un excès de masse grasse sur cette performance.
We previously reported highly significant correlations between body cell mass (BCM) measured by BIA and aerobic capacity in rugby players. However, BIA loses precision in slim or heavy athletes due to limitations of the model that are overcome with segmental BIA.
We tested a new device using this approach, the RX4000 Biacorpus (Healthnesslink, France), that we validated first against DEXA and then applied to a team of rugby players. Validation in 96 subjects covering a range of BMI 13–48kg/m2 showed for fat mass (MG) a remarkable agreement (r=0.988; average error 0.532 95% confidence interval, CI: −0.495; 1.56) with DEXA. The composition of each segment is accurately predicted (r=0.823–0.958). In a team of 29 rugby players (age: 18–31yr; mean body mass index 29 (ranging from 21–41kg/m2), we found an average % of fat mass of 18,46% and muscle mass was on the average two-fold bigger than fat mass. However, neither muscle mass nor BCM measured with BIA were predictor of measurements of sprint performance, while the time of 10m sprint was strongly correlated to fat mass (r=0.738, P<0.01) and to % fat mass (r=0.750, P<0.01) as did the time to perform Gacon's 45-15 repeated sprint test (FM r=0.783, P<0.01; % FM r=0.693, P<0.01).
Thus, this new segmental BIA technique provides a markedly improved determination of fat and fat free mass in lean and obese subjects and provides measurements strongly correlated with sprint and repeated test performance in rugby players, emphasizing the negative effect of excess fat mass on this performance.
Differences in the individual pixel response of detector elements introduce ring artifacts in tomographic images seriously degrading image quality. Removing or at least significantly reducing such ...artifacts is indispensable. In this paper an improved ring artifacts remover filter based on the approach of I. Sijbers and A. Postnov 1 is presented. The principal advantage and core characteristic of the proposed method is that it can be applied directly on images that have been already reconstructed, thus eliminating the need for additional imaging data like sinograms, flat fields and dark fields that are traditionally used for ring removal. The proposed method is computationally inexpensive and can be used even within established CT workflows or on past archived tomographic data.
HIV-2 susceptibility to maraviroc has been recently established for R5-tropic viruses. However, there is only few data about HIV-2 tropism distribution during HIV-2 infection and no data are ...available in antiretroviral-naive patients. In this work, we aimed to characterize for the first time the distribution of tropism in HIV-2 antiretroviral-naive patients. Patients included in the ANRS CO5 HIV-2 Cohort, for whom a first PBMC sample was available since time of inclusion and before any antiretroviral therapy, were screened. Tropism was determined by a genotypic tropism test using V3 loop sequencing in proviral DNA. Patients' characteristics, plasma viral load, CD4 cell count and CDC clinical stage at the time of sampling were also collected. This first description of tropism distribution in HIV-2 antiretroviral-naive patients showed that 11% of patients displayed X4-tropic viruses. X4 tropism was also associated with low CD4 cell counts. These findings are similar to those already described in HIV-1 infection.
We present the smallest 2.16µm pitch voltage domain global shutter pixel built on a single silicon layer. A novel and very compact pixel architecture is used along a very dense front-end capacitor ...integration. Leading to the smallest sensor size for the given 800x700 resolution. This pixel is associated to a logic circuit through 3D Cu-to-Cu hybrid bonding process providing state-of-the-art on-chip data processing and interface. Good performance trade-off is achieved with high QE and spatial resolution. Noise figures are also remarkable, allowing up to 90dB linear dynamic range in a single frame using spatially split exposure mode.
The repetitive clonal growth of the seagrassesZostera noltiiHornem. andCymodocea nodosaAschers at the module level was used to implement a deterministic, individual-based, numerical model using the ...simplest growth rules. Inter- and intraspecific variability in plant morphology and meadow attributes was simulated, and the results yielded by the model were compared with an existing large data set recorded for both species. The model outputs showed that intra- and interspecific morphological variability can be accurately described (r = 0.99, p < 0.0001, n = 19) by a restricted number of parameters (plastochrone interval PI and elongation rates for rhizome RER and leaf LER, which are species-specific parameters). Interspecific differences in meadow properties were recorded; however, simulated values were double those observed. This result was mainly attributable to a lack of density-dependence phenomena in the model assumptions, revealing the importance of such phenomena in structuring seagrass populations. In general, species with high PIs displayed longer modules (leaves and internodes) and lower shoot densities, whereas species with lower PI values developed shorter modules and crowded stands. This result corresponds with the relationship indicated by the self-thinning law and by previous studies. The model also showed that plant morphology arises as an emergent property of a simple set of growth rules acting at the module level, and that plant dynamic parameters can be tuned by seagrasses in response to their local environmental conditions. Thus, the whole-plant response to the environment can be determined by the sum of all the modular responses. This model, together with a better knowledge of the regulation of plant dynamic parameters by control variables (light, temperature, nutrients, etc.), provides a conceptual framework that allows the incorporation of module, plant morphology and meadow properties into functional–structural seagrass models, in which feedbacks among plant morphology, plant development and phylloclimate (i.e. the physical environment actually perceived by each individual organ or plant population) can be included.
OBJECTIVE:To determine risk factor for non-AIDS severe clinical events in HIV-infected patients on long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
METHODS:A validation committee reviewed each ...severe clinical event that occurred in the APROCO/COPILOTE (ANRS CO8) cohort that enrolled 1281 patients in 1997-1999 at the initiation of cART containing protease inhibitor. Probability of the occurrence of a first non-AIDS, cART-related, and AIDS-defining event was estimated, and potential determinants were studied using Cox regression models.
RESULTS:During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, the incidence of non-AIDS events was higher than that of cART-related and AIDS-defining events (10.5, 3.6, and 2.6 per 100 patient-years, respectively). Bacterial (mainly airway) infections were the most frequent non-AIDS events (23.4%) followed by non-AIDS-defining malignancies and cardiovascular events (both 9.5%). Factors independently associated with the occurrence of a first non-AIDS event were age >60 years hazard ratio (HR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI)1.3 to 3.2 and CD4 <100 cells per milliliter (HR 2.5; 95% CI1.8 to 3.6) but also plasma HIV RNA >4 log10 copies per milliliter at the time of the event (HR 1.9; 95% CI1.5 to 2.5).
CONCLUSION:Optimization and permanent continuation of long-term antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients is the best strategy to prevent or reduce the occurrence of non-AIDS severe morbidity.
While it is well established that blood viscosity is decreased in sportsmen and related to fitness, the involvement of fibrinogen in this relationship is less well defined. Relationships among ...fitness, rheology and fibrinogen were investigated in 32 football players (age 17-33 years: 19 professionals and 13 leisure players). A submaximal 25 min exercise-test was performed and allowed the calculation of aerobic working capacity. Aerobic working capacity (W170 and VO2 max) was negatively correlated to fibrinogen (r = -0.531, p < 0.01 and r = -0.623, p < 0.01), while on the whole sample the correlation to viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation was not significant. When subjects were divided into two subgroups according to their plasma fibrinogen concentration, the aerobic working capacity (either expressed as W170 or VO2 max) is higher when plasma fibrinogen level is lower than 2.7 g/l. Thus, there is a highly significant negative correlation between fibrinogen and fitness in these sportsmen, independent of blood rheology. These data suggest that rheology and fibrinogen are to some extent separate determinants of an individual's fitness.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In HIV-1, it has been described that hypermutation, introduced by APOBEC3F/3G cytidine deaminase activity, could lead to defective viruses. In vivo, impact of APOBEC3F/3G editing in HIV-2 remains ...unknown. The objective of this study was to assess the proportion of HIV-2-infected patients harboring defective viruses in the cellular reservoir. Direct sequencing of protease, reverse transcriptase, and vif regions was performed on HIV-2 proviral DNA of antiretroviral-naive patients from the ANRS CO5 HIV-2 Cohort. We showed a significant higher level of APOBEC3F/3G footprint in HIV-2 than in HIV-1, with higher proportion of HIV-2-infected patients harboring defective viruses in the cellular reservoir.
En maladies métaboliques comme dans d'autres disciplines, l'exercice est devenu une thérapeutique à part entière. Il permet, chez l'obèse, de stabiliser le poids après amaigrissement. Chez le ...diabétique de type 2, il a un effet préventif et thérapeutique, et réduit de moitié le coût de santé. Nous proposons de le cibler individuellement au niveau auquel culmine l'oxydation des lipides (LIPOX
max), à l'aide d'un test de calorimétrie d'effort (quatre paliers de six minutes) basé sur la théorie du
crossover concept de Brooks et Mercier. L'interprétation calorimétrique des échanges gazeux aux cinquième et sixième minutes montre que l'oxydation des lipides décrit une courbe en cloche culminant au LIPOX
max, variable selon les individus, tandis que l'oxydation glucidique est une fonction linéaire de la puissance (coût glucidique du watt). L'oxydation lipidique ainsi calculée prédit fidèlement l'oxydation lipidique sur 45 minutes réalisées au même niveau. Les protocoles par paliers de trois minutes utilisés chez les sportifs ne sont pas fiables dans ce contexte. Deux mois de réentraînement au LIPOX
max (trois séances de 45 minutes par semaine) occasionnent une perte de masse grasse respectant la masse maigre et augmentent l'aptitude à oxyder les lipides à l'effort chez des adultes obèses, des diabétiques de type 2, et des adolescents obèses. À l'issue du réentraînement, l'exercice est «
reciblé
» pour plus d'efficacité, éventuellement associé à d'autres stratégies complémentaires à plus haute intensité. Le réentraînement métabolique est donc une réalité, mais il reste en pleine évolution conceptuelle. Le défi majeur de ces thérapeutiques reste de transformer durablement un inactif en actif.
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