The field of hair disorders is constantly growing. The most important hair diseases are divided in non‐ cicatricial and cicatricial ones. Non‐cicatricial alopecia are more frequent than cicatricial ...alopecia. The first step is to obtain a good history and physical examination. Laboratory testing is often unnecessary, while trichoscopy is fundamental for all hair diseases. Scalp biopsy is strongly suggested in cicatricial alopecia and in doubtful cases. Androgenetic alopecia, alopecia areata, telogen effluvium, trichotillomania are common causes of non‐ cicatricial alopecia. Frontal fibrosing alopecia, discoid lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, follicullitis decalvans are some of the most common forms of cicatricial hair loss. Many treatments are available, and a prompt diagnosis is very important for the prognosis.
The antimicrobial effect behind Cannabis sativa Schofs, Laureano; Sparo, Mónica D.; Sánchez Bruni, Sergio F.
Pharmacology research & perspectives,
April 2021, Letnik:
9, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The development of multidrug‐resistant bacteria has revealed the need for new antimicrobial compounds. Cannabis sativa preparations have a long history of medical applications, including the ...treatment of infectious diseases. This review collects the information about the activity of C. sativa extracts and its main components (cannabinoids and terpenes) against pathogenic bacteria and fungus, to assess its potential using as antimicrobial agents.
Cannabis sativa preparations have a long history of medical applications, including the treatment of infectious diseases. This review collects the information about the activity of C. sativa extracts and its main components (cannabinoids and terpenes) against pathogenic bacteria and fungus. All the data presented in this work suggests that cannabinoids and related compounds demonstrated antibacterial activity against clinically important bacteria in the search of new tools as potential antimicrobial agents.
Neutron diffraction data with hydrogen isotope substitution on aqueous solutions of NaCl and KCl at concentrations ranging from high dilution to near-saturation are analyzed using the Empirical ...Potential Structure Refinement technique. Information on both the ion hydration shells and the microscopic structure of the solvent is extracted. Apart from obvious effects due to the different radii of the three ions investigated, it is found that water molecules in the hydration shell of K+ are orientationally more disordered than those hydrating a Na+ ion and are inclined to orient their dipole moments tangentially to the hydration sphere. Cl- ions form instead hydrogen-bonded bridges with water molecules and are readily accommodated into the H-bond network of water. The results are used to show that concepts such as structure maker/breaker, largely based on thermodynamic data, are not helpful in understanding how these ions interact with water at the molecular level.
By combining neutron diffraction and Monte Carlo simulations, we have determined the microscopic structure of the hydration ions shell in aqueous solutions of MgCl(2) and CaCl(2), along with the ...radial distribution functions of the solvent. In particular the hydration shell of the cations, show cation specific symmetry, due to the strong and directional interaction of ions and water oxygens. The ions and their hydration shells likely form molecular moieties and bring clear signatures in the water-water radial distribution functions. Apart from these signatures, the influence of divalent salts on the microscopic structure of water is similar to that of previously investigated monovalent solutes, and it is visible as a shift of the second peak of the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function, caused by distortion of the hydrogen bond network of water.
Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a frequent repercussion of a cerebrovascular accident, typically a stroke. USN patients fail to orient their attention to the contralesional side to detect ...auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli, as well as to collect and purposely use this information. Traditional methods for USN assessment and rehabilitation include paper-and-pencil procedures, which address cognitive functions as isolated from other aspects of patients’ functioning within a real-life context. This might compromise the ecological validity of these procedures and limit their generalizability; moreover, USN evaluation and treatment currently lacks a gold standard. The field of technology has provided several promising tools that have been integrated within the clinical practice; over the years, a “first wave” has promoted computerized methods, which cannot provide an ecological and realistic environment and tasks. Thus, a “second wave” has fostered the implementation of virtual reality (VR) devices that, with different degrees of immersiveness, induce a sense of presence and allow patients to actively interact within the life-like setting. The present paper provides an updated, comprehensive picture of VR devices in the assessment and rehabilitation of USN, building on the review of Pedroli et al. (2015). The present paper analyzes the methodological and technological aspects of the studies selected, considering the issue of usability and ecological validity of virtual environments and tasks. Despite the technological advancement, the studies in this field lack methodological rigor as well as a proper evaluation of VR usability and should improve the ecological validity of VR-based assessment and rehabilitation of USN.
The ion induced modification to the tetrahedral structure of water is a topic of much current interest. We address this question by interpreting neutron diffraction data from monovalent ionic ...solutions of NaCl and KCl using a computer assisted structural modeling technique. We investigate the effect that these ions have on the water-water O-O, O-H and H-H radial distribution functions as a function of ionic concentration. It is found that the O-H and H-H functions are only marginally affected by ionic composition, signaling that hydrogen bonding between water molecules remains largely intact, even at the highest concentrations. On the other hand the O-O functions are strongly modified by the ions. In particular the position of the second peak in g(OO)(r), is found to move inwards with increasing salt concentration, in a manner closely analogous to what happens in pure water under pressure. Furthermore by recalculating g(OO)(r) after excluding all the water molecules in the first hydration shell of each ion, we show that this structural perturbation exists outside the first hydration shell of the ions.
We investigate the state of water confined in the cylindrical pores of MCM-41 type mesoporous silica, with pore diameters of 2.8 nm and 4.5 nm, over the temperature range 160-290 K by combining small ...angle neutron scattering and wide angle diffraction. This allows us to observe simultaneously the intermolecular correlations in the local water structure (which shows up in a main water peak around Q = 1.7 Å-1), the two-dimensional hexagonal arrangement of water cylinders in the silica matrix (which gives rise to a pronounced Bragg peak around Q = 0.2 Å-1), and the so-called Porod scattering at smaller Q, which arises from larger scale interfacial scattering within the material. In the literature, the temperature evolution of the intensity of the Bragg peak has been interpreted as the signature of a density minimum in confined water at approximately 210 K. Here we show that, under the conditions of our experiment, a fraction of freezable water coexists with a layer of non-freezable water within the pore volume. The overall temperature dependence of our data in the different Q regions, as well as the comparison of the data for the two pore sizes, leads us to conclude that the observed variation in the intensity of the Bragg diffraction peak is actually caused by a liquid to ice transition in the freezable fraction of confined water.
Background
Trachyonychia is a nail disease characterized by longitudinal striations, ridges, fissures and/or pitting. This condition can be both idiopathic and associated with other dermatologic ...diseases.
Objective and methods
The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse the clinical features, onychoscopy, therapy efficacy and outcome of 122 patients with trachyonychia visited at the Hair Disease Outpatient Consultations of the Dermatology Unit of the Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine of the University of Bologna, from 1988 to 2018.
Results
Opaque trachyonychia was the most observed type while shiny trachyonychia, less common, was present especially in milder cases. Pitting was the most frequently observed feature (80.3%), followed by koilonychia (45%) and hyperkeratosis (19.6%). Nail matrix longitudinal biopsy was performed for diagnosis confirmation in 29 cases, and spongiotic was the most common pattern. Topical therapy was prescribed in 109 patients while systemic treatments were reserved for severe cases (38 patients); 22 patients did not receive any treatment. A marked improvement in the appearance of the nails or even a total resolution was seen in 63 patients.
Conclusions
Trachyonychia can occur at any age but is more frequent in children and often associated with alopecia areata. The pathological diagnosis of trachyonychia is not mandatory as the disease has generally a benign outcome. Considering the absence of pain and the high rate of spontaneous resolution, treatment is often prescribed only for cosmetic reasons or reserved for severe cases.
Background
Scalp psoriasis is often undiagnosed or inadequately treated. The patient himself underestimates the seriousness of this hair disease and consults too late to a dermatologist.
Objectives
...The aim of our study was to create a correlation between the clinical patterns and trichoscopy of scalp psoriasis such in a way to help the clinician to make the diagnosis and select the appropriate therapy.
Material and methods
We gathered all patients affected of scalp psoriasis afferent to Outpatient's hair consultation of the Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, from January 2012 to December 2018. All patients were evaluated through clinical, trichoscopic examination and a skin biopsy only in doubtful cases. We quantified the severity of the disease with several objective and subjective parameters every 4 months, up to 1 year. We recorded therapies, outcome data and quality of life.
Results
We collected 156 patients affected by scalp psoriasis, identifying seven clinical patterns with specific trichoscopical correlation. In the order of frequency, the clinical patterns were as follows: plaque psoriasis (with a prevalence of erythema, silver‐white scales and twisted red loops vessels and red dots); thin scales (with silvery‐white scales, simple red lines and signet red ring vessels); sebopsoriasis (with greasy scales, erythema with red dots, globules and twisted and bushy red loops at high magnification); psoriatic cap (with silver‐white scales, erythema and polymorphic vascular pattern); pityriasis amiantacea (with yellowish adherent scales, erythema and simple red loops capillaries); cicatricial psoriatic alopecia (with erythema associated with yellowish, silver‐white scales with twisted and bushy red loops capillaries) and pustular psoriasis (with ‘flower shape’ pustular lesions, erythema simple red loops capillaries).
Conclusions
The description of different clinical patterns of scalp psoriasis and its trichoscopical correlations may help the clinician to make the diagnosis also in atypical presentations and to prescribe an adequate therapeutic regimen.
Linked Commentary: F. Lacarrubba. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2021; 35: 1744–1745. https://doi.org/10.1111/jdv.17527.
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