DNA data storage based on synthetic oligonucleotides is a major attraction due to the possibility of storage over long periods. Nowadays, the quantity of data generated has been growing ...exponentially, and the storage capacity needs to keep pace with the growth caused by new technologies and globalization. Since DNA can hold a large amount of information with a high density and remains stable for hundreds of years, this technology offers a solution for current long-term data centers by reducing energy consumption and physical storage space. Currently, research institutes, technology companies, and universities are making significant efforts to meet the growing need for data storage. DNA data storage is a promising field, especially with the advancement of sequencing techniques and equipment, which now make it possible to read genomes (i.e., to retrieve the information) and process this data easily. To overcome the challenges associated with developing new technologies for DNA data storage, a message encoding and decoding exercise was conducted at a Brazilian research center. The exercise performed consisted of synthesizing oligonucleotides by the phosphoramidite route. An encoded message, using a coding scheme that adheres to DNA sequence constraints, was synthesized. After synthesis, the oligonucleotide was sequenced and decoded, and the information was fully recovered.
Paracetamol for low back pain Saragiotto, Bruno T; Machado, Gustavo C; Ferreira, Manuela L ...
Cochrane database of systematic reviews,
2016-Jun-07, Letnik:
2019, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Background
Analgesic medication is the most frequently prescribed treatment for low back pain (LBP), of which paracetamol (acetaminophen) is recommended as the first choice medication. However, there ...is uncertainty about the efficacy of paracetamol for LBP.
Objectives
To investigate the efficacy and safety of paracetamol for non‐specific LBP.
Search methods
We conducted searches on the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, which includes the Back and Neck Review Group trials register), MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, AMED, Web of Science, LILACS, and IPA from their inception to 7 August 2015. We also searched the reference lists of eligible papers and trial registry websites (WHO ICTRP and ClinicalTrials.gov).
Selection criteria
We only considered randomised trials comparing the efficacy of paracetamol with placebo for non‐specific LBP. The primary outcomes were pain and disability. We also investigated quality of life, function, adverse effects, global impression of recovery, sleep quality, patient adherence, and use of rescue medication as secondary outcomes.
Data collection and analysis
Two review authors independently performed the data extraction and assessed risk of bias in the included studies. We also evaluated the quality of evidence using the GRADE approach. We converted scales for pain intensity to a common 0 to 100 scale. We quantified treatment effects using mean difference for continuous outcomes and risk ratios for dichotomous outcomes. We used effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals as a measure of treatment effect for the primary outcomes. When the treatment effects were smaller than 9 points on a 0 to 100 scale, we considered the effect as small and not clinically important.
Main results
Our searches retrieved 4449 records, of which two trials were included in the review (n=1785). For acute LBP, there is high‐quality evidence for no difference between paracetamol (4 g per day) and placebo at 1 week (immediate term), 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks (short term) for the primary outcomes. There is high‐quality evidence that paracetamol has no effect on quality of life, function, global impression of recovery, and sleep quality for all included time periods. There were also no significant differences between paracetamol and placebo for adverse events, patient adherence, or use of rescue medication. No trials were identified evaluating patients with subacute or chronic LBP.
Authors' conclusions
We found that paracetamol does not produce better outcomes than placebo for people with acute LBP.
Incidences of colorectal cancer (CRC) have continued to grow. Surgery is the main treatment and the only curative factor is nutritional status, which has an enormous influence on postoperative ...evolution. This study proposes a protocol for nutritional intervention beginning preoperatively and lasting up to three months postoperatively. Twenty patients with confirmed diagnosis of colon adenocarcinoma who underwent resection surgery were included. Anthropometric and food intake data-assessed through two 24-hour recalls, one weekday and one weekend-were collected at baseline, one month postoperative (PO), and three months PO. Anthropometric evaluation showed a decrease in the first month PO in weight, BMI, Hand grip strength, and arm circumference (P < 0.05), but these parameters recovered after 3 mo, PO and concomitant with the increase in protein and dietary fiber intake. In addition, collateral symptoms, such as abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and post prandial fullness, decreased between baseline and three months postoperative (P < 0.05). The nutritional counseling protocol for patients undergoing surgery due to CRC was positive in the recovery of nutritional status and improve of symptoms.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK, VSZLJ
•Farm management information systems centered around the farm manager in open-field crop production.•Prevailing differences between academic and commercial farm management information ...systems.•Grouping of farm management information systems based on cluster analysis.
Farm Management Information Systems (FMIS) in agriculture have evolved from simple farm recordkeeping into sophisticated and complex systems to support production management. The purpose of current FMIS is to meet the increased demands to reduce production costs, comply with agricultural standards, and maintain high product quality and safety. This paper presents current advancements in the functionality of academic and commercial FMIS. The study focuses on open-field crop production and centeres on farm managers as the primary users and decision makers. Core system architectures and application domains, adoption and profitability, and FMIS solutions for precision agriculture as the most information-intensive application area were analyzed. Our review of commercial solutions involved the analysis of 141 international software packages, categorized into 11 functions. Cluster analysis was used to group current commercial FMIS as well as examine possible avenues for further development. Academic FMIS involved more sophisticated systems covering compliance to standards applications, automated data capture as well as interoperability between different software packages. Conversely, commercial FMIS applications targeted everyday farm office tasks related to budgeting and finance, such as recordkeeping, machinery management, and documentation, with emerging trends showing new functions related to traceability, quality assurance and sales.
Pasture is the major livestock production system in Brazil, and nitrogen (N) excretion by cattle has been identified as an important source of nitrous oxide (N
2
O) and ammonia (NH
3
). This study ...assessed long-term N
2
O and NH
3
emissions from cattle urine and dung deposited on three pasture systems: (1) palisadegrass (
Brachiaria brizantha
) monoculture without N-fertilizer (GRASS); (2) palisadegrass monoculture fertilized with 150 kg N ha
−1
(GRASS + N); (3) palisadegrass mixed with
Arachis pintoi
without N-fertilizer application (GRASS + LEGUME). Two trials were carried out, one beginning in the dry season and the other in the rainy season. Urine N
2
O emission factors (EF
N2O
) were the lowest for the GRASS pasture (0.41% vs. 0.56 and 0.62% for the GRASS + N and GRASS + LEGUME pastures, respectively). There was a tendency of lower EF
N2O
in for dung from cattle grazing the GRASS + LEGUME pasture (0.11% vs. 0.20% for the GRASS and GRASS + N pastures;
P
< 0.10). Excreta-N lost by NH
3
volatilization (EF
NH3
) was highest for urine under GRASS + N pasture (12.6% vs. 5.9 and 4.7% for the GRASS + LEGUME and GRASS pastures, respectively). These figures are within the ranges reported in the IPCC 2019 guidelines but consistently in the lower range, probably due to the tropical climate. The lowest urine EF
N2O
estimated for the GRASS pasture showed that N fertilization increased N
2
O emissions from urine patches. The lower EF
N2O
for dung from GRASS + LEGUME pastures and the emissions avoided associated with N fertilizer use indicate that the mixed grass/legume pasture is a strategy to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions when pasture intensification requires N addition.
Context.
Gamma-ray emission during long-duration gamma-ray flare (LDGRF) events is thought to be caused mainly by > 300 MeV protons interacting with the ambient plasma at or near the photosphere. ...Prolonged periods of the gamma-ray emission have prompted the suggestion that the source of the energetic protons is acceleration at a coronal mass ejection (CME)-driven shock, followed by particle back-precipitation onto the solar atmosphere over extended times.
Aims.
We study the latter hypothesis using test particle simulations, which allow us to investigate whether scattering associated with turbulence aids particles in overcoming the effect of magnetic mirroring, which impedes back-precipitation by reflecting particles as they travel sunwards.
Methods.
The instantaneous precipitation fraction,
P
, the proportion of protons that successfully precipitate for injection at a fixed height,
r
i
, is studied as a function of scattering mean free path,
λ
and
r
i
. Upper limits to the total precipitation fraction,
P̅
, were calculated for eight LDGRF events for moderate scattering conditions (
λ
= 0.1 AU).
Results.
We find that the presence of scattering helps back-precipitation compared to the scatter-free case, although at very low
λ
values outward convection with the solar wind ultimately dominates. For eight LDGRF events, due to strong mirroring,
P̅
is very small, between 0.56 and 0.93% even in the presence of scattering.
Conclusions.
Time-extended acceleration and large total precipitation fractions, as seen in the observations, cannot be reconciled for a moving shock source according to our simulations. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain both long duration
γ
ray emission and efficient precipitation within this scenario. These results challenge the CME shock source scenario as the main mechanism for
γ
ray production in LDGRFs.
Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases, with a prevalence of 11% worldwide for the severe forms and an estimated heritability of 50%. It is classified into the widespread ...moderate form chronic periodontitis (CP) and the rare early-onset and severe phenotype aggressive periodontitis (AgP). These different disease manifestations are thought to share risk alleles and predisposing environmental factors. To obtain novel insights into the shared genetic etiology and the underlying molecular mechanisms of both forms, we performed a two step-wise meta-analysis approach using genome-wide association studies of both phenotypes. Genotypes from imputed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of AgP and CP comprising 5,095 cases and 9,908 controls of North-West European genetic background were included. Two loci were associated with periodontitis at a genome-wide significance level. They located within the pseudogene MTND1P5 on chromosome 8 (rs16870060-G, P = 3.69 × 10
, OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.23-1.51) and intronic of the long intergenic non-coding RNA LOC107984137 on chromosome 16, downstream of the gene SHISA9 (rs729876-T, P = 9.77 × 10
, OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.15-1.34). This study identified novel risk loci of periodontitis, adding to the genetic basis of AgP and CP.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor signaling is necessary for control of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (
Mtb) infection, yet the role of its two ligands, IL-1α and IL-1β, and their regulation in vivo are ...poorly understood. Here, we showed that both IL-1α and IL-1β are critically required for host resistance and identified two multifunctional inflammatory monocyte-macrophage and DC populations that coexpressed both IL-1 species at the single-cell level in lungs of
Mtb-infected mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that interferons (IFNs) played important roles in regulating IL-1 production by these cells in vivo. Type I interferons inhibited IL-1 production by both subsets whereas CD4
+ T cell-derived IFN-γ selectively suppressed monocyte-macrophages. These data provide a cellular basis for both the anti-inflammatory effects of IFNs and probacterial functions of type I IFNs during
Mtb infection and reveal differential regulation of IL-1 production by distinct cell populations as an additional layer of complexity in the activity of IL-1 in vivo.
Display omitted
► Besides IL-1β, IL-1α is also required for IL-1R1-mediated host resistance to Mtb ► Both IL-1 species are coproduced by two subsets of inflammatory myeloid cells ► Type I IFN suppresses IL-1α and IL-1β production by inflammatory monocytes and DCs ► CD4 T cell-derived IFN-γ inhibits IL-1α and IL-1β production by inflammatory monocytes
Periodontitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases, with a prevalence of 11% worldwide for the severe forms and an estimated heritability of 50%. The disease is characterized by ...destruction of the alveolar bone due to an aberrant host inflammatory response to a dysbiotic oral microbiome. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have reported several suggestive susceptibility loci. Here, we conducted a GWAS using a German and Dutch case-control sample of aggressive periodontitis (AgP, 896 cases, 7,104 controls), a rare but highly severe and early-onset form of periodontitis, validated the associations in a German sample of severe forms of the more moderate phenotype chronic periodontitis (CP) (993 cases, 1,419 controls). Positive findings were replicated in a Turkish sample of AgP (223 cases, 564 controls). A locus at SIGLEC5 (sialic acid binding Ig-like lectin 5) and a chromosomal region downstream of the DEFA1A3 locus (defensin alpha 1-3) showed association with both disease phenotypes and were associated with periodontitis at a genome-wide significance level in the pooled samples, with P = 1.09E-08 (rs4284742,-G; OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.21-1.48) and P = 5.48E-10 (rs2738058,-T; OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.18-1.38), respectively. SIGLEC5 is expressed in various myeloid immune cells and classified as an inhibitory receptor with the potential to mediate tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1/-2 dependent signaling. Alpha defensins are antimicrobial peptides with expression in neutrophils and mucosal surfaces and a role in phagocyte-mediated host defense. This study identifies the first shared genetic risk loci of AgP and CP with genome-wide significance and highlights the role of innate and adaptive immunity in the etiology of periodontitis.
Background: Although intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) was first used to treat life-threatening local anesthetic (LA) toxicity, its use has expanded to include both non-local anesthetic (non-LA) ...poisoning and less severe manifestations of toxicity. A collaborative workgroup appraised the literature and provides evidence-based recommendations for the use of ILE in poisoning.
Methods: Following a systematic review of the literature, data were summarized in four publications: LA and non-LA poisoning efficacy, adverse effects, and analytical interferences. Twenty-two toxins or toxin categories and three clinical situations were selected for voting. Voting statements were proposed using a predetermined format. A two-round modified Delphi method was used to reach consensus on the voting statements. Disagreement was quantified using RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method.
Results: For the management of cardiac arrest, we recommend using ILE with bupivacaine toxicity, while our recommendations are neutral regarding its use for all other toxins. For the management of life-threatening toxicity, (1) as first line therapy, we suggest not to use ILE with toxicity from amitriptyline, non-lipid soluble beta receptor antagonists, bupropion, calcium channel blockers, cocaine, diphenhydramine, lamotrigine, malathion but are neutral for other toxins, (2) as part of treatment modalities, we suggest using ILE in bupivacaine toxicity if other therapies fail, but are neutral for other toxins, (3) if other therapies fail, we recommend ILE for bupivacaine toxicity and we suggest using ILE for toxicity due to other LAs, amitriptyline, and bupropion, but our recommendations are neutral for all other toxins. In the treatment of non-life-threatening toxicity, recommendations are variable according to the balance of expected risks and benefits for each toxin.
For LA-toxicity we suggest the use of Intralipid
®
20% as it is the formulation the most often reported. There is no evidence to support a recommendation for the best formulation of ILE for non-LAs. The voting panel is neutral regarding ILE dosing and infusion duration due to insufficient data for non-LAs. All recommendations were based on very low quality of evidence.
Conclusion: Clinical recommendations regarding the use of ILE in poisoning were only possible in a small number of scenarios and were based mainly on very low quality of evidence, balance of expected risks and benefits, adverse effects, laboratory interferences as well as related costs and resources. The workgroup emphasizes that dose-finding and controlled studies reflecting human poisoning scenarios are required to advance knowledge of limitations, indications, adverse effects, effectiveness, and best regimen for ILE treatment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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