Recent years have brought a novel insight into our understanding of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), along with several breakthrough treatment methods. However, multiple aspects of ...mechanisms behind this disease remain to be elucidated. Evidence suggests that leukemogenesis in ALL is widely influenced by epigenetic modifications. These changes include: DNA hypermethylation, histone modification and miRNA alteration. DNA hypermethylation in promoter regions, which leads to silencing of tumor suppressor genes, is a common epigenetic alteration in ALL. Histone modifications are mainly caused by an increased expression of histone deacetylases. A dysregulation of miRNA results in changes in the expression of their target genes. To date, several hundred genes were identified as suppressed by epigenetic mechanisms in ALL. What is promising is that epigenetic alterations in ALL may be used as potential biomarkers for classification of subtypes, predicting relapse and disease progression and assessing minimal residual disease. Furthermore, since epigenetic lesions are potentially reversible, an activation of epigenetically silenced genes with the use of hypomethylating agents or histone deacetylase inhibitors may be utilized as a therapeutic strategy for ALL. The following review summarizes our current knowledge about epigenetic modifications in ALL and describes potential uses of epigenetics in the clinical management of this disease.
Epilepsy is an important medical problem with approximately 50 million patients globally. No more than 70% of epileptic patients will achieve seizure control after antiepileptic drugs, and several ...epileptic syndromes, including Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS), are predisposed to more frequent pharmacoresistance. Ketogenic dietary therapies (KDTs) are a form of non-pharmacological treatments used in attempts to provide seizure control for LGS patients who experience pharmacoresistance. Our review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and practicalities concerning the use of KDTs in LGS. In general, KDTs are diets rich in fat and low in carbohydrates that put the organism into the state of ketosis. A classic ketogenic diet (cKD) is the best-evaluated KDT, while alternative KDTs, such as the medium-chain triglyceride diet (MCT), modified Atkins diet (MAD), and low glycemic index treatment (LGIT) present several advantages due to their better tolerability and easier administration. The literature reports regarding LGS suggest that KDTs can provide ≥50% seizure reduction and seizure-free status in a considerable percentage of the patients. The most commonly reported adverse effects are constipation, diarrhea, and vomiting, while severe adverse effects such as nephrolithiasis or osteopenia are rarely reported. The literature review suggests that KDTs can be applied safely and are effective in LGS treatment.
Aluminium (Al) is the most ubiquitous metal in the Earth's crust. Even though its toxicity is well-documented, the role of Al in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases remains debatable. ...To establish the basic framework for future studies, we review literature reports on Al toxicokinetics and its role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), alcohol use disorder (AUD), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's disease (PD), and dialysis encephalopathy (DE) from 1976 to 2022. Despite poor absorption via mucosa, the biggest amount of Al comes with food, drinking water, and inhalation. Vaccines introduce negligible amounts of Al, while the data on skin absorption (which might be linked with carcinogenesis) is limited and requires further investigation. In the above-mentioned diseases, the literature shows excessive Al accumulation in the central nervous system (AD, AUD, MS, PD, DE) and epidemiological links between greater Al exposition and their increased prevalence (AD, PD, DE). Moreover, the literature suggests that Al has the potential as a marker of disease (AD, PD) and beneficial results of Al chelator use (such as cognitive improvement in AD, AUD, MS, and DE cases).
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer with an increasing worldwide mortality rate. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common primary liver cancer. In both ...types of cancers, early detection is very important. Biomarkers are a relevant part of diagnosis, enabling non-invasive detection and control of cancer recurrence, as well as in the application of screening tests in high-risk groups. Furthermore, some of these biomarkers are useful in controlling therapy and treatment selection. Detection of some markers presents higher sensitivity and specificity in combination with other markers when compared with a single detection. Some gene aberrations are also prognostic markers in the two types of cancers. In the following review, we discuss the most common biomarkers and genetic markers currently being used in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma.
Common fibular nerve palsy due to the Fabella: A review Woliński, Filip; Bryliński, Łukasz; Kostelecka, Katarzyna ...
Clinical anatomy (New York, N.Y.),
January 2024, 2024-Jan, 2024-01-00, 20240101, Letnik:
37, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
One of the most common nerve palsies – common fibular nerve palsy – can be caused by the variant small sesamoid bone in the posterolateral compartment of the knee joint known as the fabella. We ...compared and reviewed all reported cases of common fibular nerve palsy due to fabellae in the English literature. Compression can develop spontaneously or post‐surgically (total knee arthroplasty). Symptoms progress rapidly to complete foot drop. Among all the cases reviewed, 68.42% were males with a median age of 39.39 years. Fabella compression was more common in the left common fibular nerve (CFN) (63.16%). Both big (23 × 20 × 16 mm) and small (5 × 5 mm) fabellae can be responsible for compression. While diagnosis can be problematic, the treatment (either surgical fabellectomy or conservative) is relatively easy and brings quick improvement.
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks third in terms of cancer-related deaths and is the fifth most commonly diagnosed type of cancer. Its risk factors include
infection,
infection, the consumption of broiled ...and charbroiled animal meats, salt-preserved and smoke-enhanced foods, alcohol drinking, tobacco smoking, exposure to ionizing radiation, and positive family history. The limited effectiveness of conventional therapies and the widespread risk factors of GC encourage the search for new methods of treatment and prevention. In the quest for cheap and commonly available medications, numerous studies focus on herbal medicine, traditional brews, and spices. In this review, we outline the potential use of spices, including turmeric, ginger, garlic, black cumin, chili pepper, saffron, black pepper, rosemary, galangal, coriander, wasabi, cinnamon, oregano, cardamom, fenugreek, caraway, clove, dill, thyme,
, basil, as well as the compounds they contain, in the prevention and treatment of GC. We present the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for the effectivity of a given seasoning substance and their impact on GC cells. We discuss their potential effects on proliferation, apoptosis, and migration. For most of the spices discussed, we also outline the unavailability and side effects of their use.
Introduction
Hypertrophy is the process of increasing the mass of a tissue. In this article, we focused on the impact of the mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy, its effect on the human body, ...correlation with the course of diseases and tolerance of treatment. We considered the benefits of having well-developed, and also touched on the problems of underdeveloped muscle mass.
Results
The main factors causing hypertrophy are resistance exercise training, mechanotransduction, metabolic pathways, ribosomal biogenesis, gene expression and the impact of hormones. The beneficial effect of high concentrations of testosterone and growth hormone, also IGF1, on skeletal muscle hypertrophy has been proven. On the other side, the studies have shown that high concentrations of glucocorticoids, such as cortisol are associated with reduced muscle mass.
There are many positive aspects of a well-developed muscle mass such as an impact on the prognosis in patients with cancers and sometimes reduces mortality among them. The problems of low muscle mass and sarcopenia are also mentioned. Low muscle mass can affect the poor prognosis of diseases such as cancer, hepatic cirrhosis and COVID-19. Postoperative complications are more common in patients with low muscle mass. One way to prevent this process may be to introduce resistance exercise training in patients struggling with problems of muscular atrophy.
Conclusion
Skeletal muscles have multiple functions in the human body. In addition to movement, they play a role in molecular processes like hormonal regulation. In addition, they can, when well developed, positively influence healing processes and the course of disease.
Overtraining syndrome - what we already know Bryliński, Łukasz; Woliński, Filip; Duda, Piotr ...
Journal of education, health and sport,
06/2022, Letnik:
12, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Introduction: Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a state of excess sportsmen's overload caused by too high an intensity of training. The main cause of OTS is too big a training load. Also, they are other ...risk factors like restrictive diets, inordinate stress, and inflated expectations of a family and a coach.
Description of the state of knowledge: despite numerous hypotheses like dysregulation of hypothalamus and pituitary, inflammatory hypothesis, and glycogen hypothesis the exact cause of OTS is not fully understood. None of these hypotheses explains completely all of the symptoms. In diagnosis, several laboratory tests are required to exclude other diseases. After it, because of possible systemic character diagnostic process of OTS is still problematic. One of the diagnostic methods relies on the measurement of hormone levels. Another potential diagnostic method is the measurement of saliva immunoglobulins and other anti-viral proteins. Also, the measurement of serum cell-free DNA can be used. After the onset of OTS, the most important treatment method is rest, which should last for 6-12 weeks or longer. Nowadays, treatment options are looking for shortenings this time. These options are anti-inflammatory drugs and repeated hypoxia-hyperoxia exposure combined with low-intensity training. Since the only well-established treatment method is prolonged rest, prevention is the most important aspect of OTS management. Adequate education of young athletes and their parents is also important.
Summary: Overtraining syndrome is a serious problem that concerns many athletes. This problem not only affects results and careers but also sportsmen’s life. Because of the wide scope of symptoms, which can be often nonspecific making the correct diagnosis can be difficult.
Introduction and objective. Depression is a disease that affects over 264 million people worldwide. According to research, the problem of depression concerns dentistry students. The aim of the ...research was to investigate the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms among Polish dental students, determine factors associated with this phenomenon and examine the relationship between these factors and depressive symptoms. Material and method. The participants of the study were dental students enrolled in each of the 10 Polish universities that offer dental education. The research tool was an author’s questionnaire and a Polish-language version of 9-Item-Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results. A total of 247 dental students took part in the study. The statistical analysis showed that 53.85% of the respondents were provisionally diagnosed with major depression. 8.91% of the participants had symptoms of severe depression. The research suggests that not doing sports regularly and not getting enough sleep are factors associated with depression among Polish dental students. Conclusions. Depressive symptoms among Polish dental students are common. Results suggest that it is important for students to maintain physical activity and take care of proper sleep hygiene. Further research needs to be done in order to explore more factors associated with depressive symptoms in the above-mentioned group.
Introduction and objective. Depression is a disorder that medical students are subjected to. The aim of the research was to investigate the occurrence of subjective feeling of depressive symptoms ...among Polish medical students during the course of medical studies and to determine predictors of this phenomenon that are associated with studies and lifestyle. Material and method. The research tool was author’s questionnaire. 1023 medical students from each year of medical education and different Polish universities took part in the study. Results. 52.79% of the respondents had noticed symptoms that might had pointed to depression during the course of their medical studies. The research suggests that predictors of subjective feeling of depressive symptoms among medical students are: repeating a university subject, repeating a year in university, low self-assessment of academic performance during studying, considering dropping out of university, low satisfaction from the choice of studying medicine, reaching for alcohol in order to de-stress or discharge negative emotions, not having interests that enable to relax, not doing sports regularly, not participating in social gatherings often enough, not sleeping enough, having problems with maintaining stable body weight and not being religious. Conclusions. There are many lifestyle and studies connected factors associated with depressive symptoms among Polish medical students. The study suggests that it is important for students and their communities to pay attention to the emergence of them in order to improve the well-being of students.
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