•Intrinsic motivation was uniformly associated with positive employee outcomes.•Extrinsic motivation, on the other hand, was negatively related or unrelated to positive outcomes.•The most important ...practical implication of our findings is that organizations should address intrinsic and extrinsic motivations as separate motives.•Organizations should proceed with caution when applying coercive controls such as close monitoring, contingent tangible incentives and comparing employees to each other, but have competitive base pay levels.
In most theories that address how individual financial incentives affect work performance, researchers have assumed that two types of motivation—intrinsic and extrinsic—mediate the relationship between incentives and performance. Empirically, however, extrinsic motivation is rarely investigated. To explore the predictive validity of these theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in work settings, we tested how both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation affected supervisor-rated work performance, affective and continuance commitment, turnover intention, burnout, and work–family conflict. In the course of three studies (two cross-sectional and one cross-lagged) across different industries, we found that intrinsic motivation was associated with positive outcomes and that extrinsic motivation was negatively related or unrelated to positive outcomes. In addition, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation were moderately negatively correlated in all three studies. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the study and directions for future research.
Leader–member exchange (LMX) research has increasingly relied upon the social exchange theory (SET) as a theoretical foundation, but the dominating way of measuring LMX has not followed this ...theoretical development (
Gottfredson et al., 2020
). With the aim of developing a measure that more coherently reflects SET,
Kuvaas et al. (2012)
conceptualized LMX as two qualitatively different relationships, labeled economic LMX and social LMX. Since the most applied LMX measures are under scrutiny for not being sufficiently grounded in theory (
Gottfredson et al., 2020
), it may be especially important to expose alternative measures. Therefore, we provide a comprehensive review of the research to date applying a two-dimensional approach to LMX, while also adding to interpretation and suggestions for how we can progress the field even further.
The leader–follower relationship plays an important role in preventing employees from engaging in counterproductive work behavior (CWB). We investigate the interplay among perceived leader–member ...exchange (LMX), leaders’ motivation to lead (MTL), and CWB, specifically examining the cross-level effect of leaders’ MTL in the relationship between individuals’ LMX and CWB. We tested our hypotheses in two studies: a two-source field study in three large European Union companies (217 employees nested into teams with 31 unique leaders) and an experiment with 106 participants in which we manipulated LMX and MTL using vignette scenarios. Field study results indicated that individuals with higher levels of LMX exhibit lower levels of CWB. This relationship is more negative in cases of low MTL, indicating a trade-off effect of LMX and MTL. The experiment replicated these effects. We additionally tested a moderated-mediation model, which included the explanatory mechanism (mediator) of followers’ MTL. Taken together, this paper proposes and simultaneously tests interplay effects of followers’ dyadic perceptions of their relationships with leaders and leaders’ individual differences in reducing CWB. It develops and tests the role-modeling process of leaders’ MTL translation into followers’ MTL. The paper also shows the multilevel nature of the proposed model with a two-source examination (leader vs. follower perspective).
Plain Language Summary
Leadership, motivation and counterproductive behavior
This study narrowed in on leader–follower relationship, which plays an important role in preventing employees from engaging in counterproductive work behavior. In two (experimental and lab) studies, we found that employees perceiving their relationship with leader better exhibit lower levels of counterproductive work behavior. Motivation to lead alters the studied relationship. When leaders are not motivated to lead, the relationship is more negative. However, leaders with high motivation to lead seem to foster that same motivation in their followers as well, providing evidence of trickle-down role-modeling taking place in leader-follower dyads.
Estimation of the value-at-risk (VaR) of a large portfolio of assets is an important task for financial institutions. As the joint log-returns of asset prices can often be projected to a latent space ...of a much smaller dimension, the use of a variational autoencoder (VAE) for estimating the VaR is a natural suggestion. To ensure the bottleneck structure of autoencoders when learning sequential data, we use a temporal VAE (TempVAE) that avoids the use of an autoregressive structure for the observation variables. However, the low signal-to-noise ratio of financial data in combination with the auto-pruning property of a VAE typically makes use of a VAE prone to posterior collapse. Therefore, we use annealing of the regularization to mitigate this effect. As a result, the auto-pruning of the TempVAE works properly, which also leads to excellent estimation results for the VaR that beat classical GARCH-type, multivariate versions of GARCH and historical simulation approaches when applied to real data.
The article explores a number of closely related concepts in Eric Santner's wide-ranging and yet concentrated oeuvre: the concept of the flesh, which is at the center of The Royal Remains, along with ...two more recent additions to Santner's lexicon, the "void of knowledge" and "surplus scarcity," both developed in Untying Things Together. Examining the logic and correlation of these concepts, the paper seeks to highlight certain tensions in Santner's thought but also the possibilities his analyses of human stasis offer. Alfred Döblin's modernist classic Berlin Alexanderplatz then serves as a short test case (but also counterexample) of what we might call, taking our cues from Santner's thinking, the "dreamwork of modernism."
While there is some evidence on the outcomes of employee-organization exchange relationships and leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships, less is known about their combined role as predictors of ...employee outcomes. Relying on a recent conceptualization of social leader-member exchange (SLMX) and economic leader-member exchange (ELMX) as two separate dimensions of LMX, the present study explored whether SLMX and ELMX moderate the associations between organizational social and economic exchange and affective commitment. The main finding was that the association between organizational economic exchange and affective commitment is attenuated by SLMX. In addition, a positive association between intrinsic motivation and affective commitment was also unveiled, suggesting that affective commitment is not only determined by the prosocial motivation emanating from social exchange relationships, but also from the intrinsic motivation inherent in the work itself.
In the present study, we investigated the stability and malleability of cadets' definitions of success (mastery and performance goal orientations) contextualized within a certain motivational climate ...(mastery and performance climates). Based on data from three military academies, the results revealed that cadets' goal orientations and their perceptions of the motivational climate remained relatively stable throughout the 2 years of study across three time-points. We also found that a mastery climate predicted individual mastery orientation, and that a performance climate predicted individual performance orientation. These findings contribute to achievement goal theory by clarifying the importance of considering goal orientation contextualized within a certain motivational climate over time. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
...the important starting point for Gelderloos's study is that the configuration he seeks to explore in his book precedes the familiar disciplinary split that would divide the famous two cultures of ...the humanities and the natural sciences, a division predicated in turn on the distinction between nature and culture, matter and spirit. The book's four chapters center on Helmuth Plessner's Stages of the Organic and the Human Being: An Introduction to Philosophical Anthropology (1928); the photobooks Faces of Our Time by August Sander (1929); and Art Forms in Nature by Karl Blossfeldt (1935); along with writings on photography by Walter Benjamin, Alfred Döblin, and Siegfried Kracauer; Döblin's experimental novel Mountains Seas Giants (1924); and Ernst Jünger's book-length essay The Worker: Dominion and Form (1932). Rather than presenting us with faces revealing a hidden, inner essence, they feature the external social and historical forces that have turned their subjects into types; rather than a Spenglerian narrative of growth and decline, the series' multi-layered "comparative anatomy" of Weimar society (Döblin) offers a "natural history" of "speciation and differentiation" (78). ...the worker's ability to put his body and life on the line is what makes him rise above the bourgeois's sentimental attachment to life, the dignity of the individual, etc.
This book is about the ambition, in a set of paradigmatic writers of the twentieth century, to simultaneously enlist and break the spell of the real—their fascination with the spectacle of violence ...and suffering—and the difficulties involved in capturing this kind of excess by aesthetic means.The works at the center of this study—by Franz Kafka, Georges Bataille, Claude Simon, Peter Weiss, and Heiner Müller—zero in on scenes of agony, destruction, and death with an astonishing degree of precision and detail. The strange and troubling nature of the appeal engendered by these sights is the subject of The Pathos of the Real. Robert Buch shows that the spectacles of suffering conjured up in these texts are deeply ambivalent, available neither to cathartic relief nor to the sentiment of compassion. What prevails instead is a peculiar coincidence of opposites: exaltation and resignation; disfiguration and transfiguration; agitation and paralysis.Featuring the experiences of violent excess in strongly visual and often in expressly pictorial terms, the works expose the nexus between violence and the image in twentieth-century aesthetics. Buch explores this tension between visual and verbal representation by drawing on the rhetorical notion of pathos as both insurmountable suffering and codified affect and the psychoanalytic notion of the real, that is, the disruption of the symbolic order.In dialogue with a diverse group of thinkers, from Erich Auerbach and Aby Warburg to Alain Badiou and Jacques Lacan, The Pathos of the Real advances an innovative new framework for rethinking the aesthetics of violence in the twentieth century.
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