Purpose. To establish the regularities of the influence of magnetic fields on the peculiarities of changing the chemical and structural characteristics of the coal substance according to the size of ...microparticles enriched with vitrinite. To formulate a new system of views on the mechanisms of structural and functional transformations of coal substance under the influence of weak external fields. Methodology. The authors used an electric furnace heating up to 320 K that creates a pulsation magnetic field with a strength of up to 4,000 A/m to process dispersed samples of hard coal with a weak magnetic field. The methods of infrared spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance were used in the research. Findings. Experimental works were carried out to estimate the impact of weak fields on the state and properties of coal substance. It is shown that weak energy fields, and the electromagnetic one in particular, are able to reduce the energy barriers of reactions in coal substance due to spin-spin interaction, which leads to the activation of processes at the atomic-molecular level and interfacial interaction. Originality.It is experimentallyestablished that for coal micro-particles with sizes from 0.16 to 0.1 m, enriched with vitrinite, the coupling coefficient decreases after exposure to an external magnetic field, and for micro-particles with sizes less than 0.63 m, this indicator increases. Such changes are caused by the redistribution of hydrogen between aromatic and aliphatic components during free-radical reactions. Changes in the spectrum on vitrinite (0.160.10 mm), are more significant than on inertinite (0.063<0.05 mm). At the same time, the external action of the electromagnetic field has caused the opposite consequences. It is shownthat magnetically stimulated chemical reactions occurring in the coal substance are aimed at the recombination of free radicals with active surface states of the organic mass of coal into stable gas molecules. The results of laboratory studies using the methods of electron magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy allow assuming that the changes in structural characteristics recorded during experiments with low-energy impacts can be considered as intermediatorsfor the matter transformation or changes in the state of coal in preparation for structural and functional transformations.For example, to the sorption interaction or destructive processes with methane generation. Practical values.The magnetic field effect can be used to develop new research methods for the study on elementary processes by electron spin resonance; control spin-dependent phase transitions. The use of magnetic resonance methods allows the usage of magnetically field effects in the form of basic tools for the research on structural defects. The results obtained will be a scientific ground for the development of methods for estimating the parameters of electromagnetic processes in coal to develop new technologies for the extraction and processing of hydrocarbon energy carriers.
The integrated study of coal is performed using methods of optical and electron paramagnetic resonances, infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It is found that gas content of coal is governed ...by the rank of coal and its material constitution as well as by the coal bed structure at the macro-, micro- and nano-levels which interwork. It is discovered that the size and amount of bubbles, of paleo-origin presumably, and the content of coalbed methane are related. The influence of each scale level of the coal bed structure on the gas content is revealed. The authors illustrate benefits of the integrated study of gasbearing coal with the physical methods that complement one the other at different levels of coal structure.
The indicator of labor input is considered. Connection of labor input and labor productivity is given. Major factors of decrease in labor input are formulated. Necessity of continuous decrease in ...labor input is proved. Options of organizational – technical actions to reduce labor input on an example the steel-wire shops of OJSC «BSW» – Management Company of Holding «BMC» are offered.
The aim of the study was to experimentally determine the effect of the heat treatment parameters of anthracites from Donetsk basin on the properties of carbon materials when using shock heating, ...typical of furnaces with a fluidized electrothermal bed. Anthracite was treated in an electric thermal furnace at the heating rate of 1000 K/min and the holding time of 10–20 min. The processing temperature range was 1500–30000С. For processing, we used initial anthracites and anthracites after calcination at 1100–12000С. The properties of the carbon material were investigated by X-ray radiographic analysis, XRF analysis and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform. It was found that pre-calcination did not produce any effect on the properties of anthracite carbon materials during shock heating and holding time less than 1 hour. Based on the results of studies of anthracite heat treatment while changing the holding time, the following kinetic characteristics of transformations during shock heating were determined: the preexponential coefficient of 1.79 and the apparent activation energy of 103.85 kJ/mol. Thermal processing of anthracite from Donetsk coal basin in electric furnaces with the fluidized bed at the temperature 30000С for 55–60 min allows obtaining the crystalline structure characteristic of artificial graphite with necessary electroconductivity and element composition.
The study of the coals of Long-flame–Gas brands with different methane contents showed that the methane content of coal beds is mainly related to the nanostructure of coal matter, and it does not ...depend on the porosity of coal. The molecules of methane penetrate directly into the coal structure, and they become absorbed by sorption sites that appear on the dangling bonds of aromatic and conjugated-chain structural fragments of coal.
We propose a method for the determination of effective (mean) velocities and attenuation coefficients of elastic waves in a medium with two ensembles of distributed disc-shaped compliant and ...low-contrast inclusions. The inclusions are characterized by both their own ensemble volume concentrations and ordered (or random) space orientations. The realization of this method is connected with the application of the Foldy dispersion relation with the use of the solutions of problems of scattering of elastic waved by local inhomogeneities. We also perform the numerical analysis of the influence of volume concentrations of various types of inclusions and the wave number on the effective velocity of elastic longitudinal waves.
Purpose. Improving the method for determining the ultimate sorption capacity of coal matter using EPR-spectroscopy (electron paramagnetic resonance) by adjusting the proportionality coefficient ...between the ultimate sorption capacity of coal and the concentration of paramagnetic centers and the conjugation coefficient in accordance with the degree of coalification. Methodology. The ultimate sorption capacity of the matter was estimated by EPR-spectroscopy, based on the content of paramagnetic centers (PMC) in coal, which are able to come into physical (sorption) interaction with molecules of paramagnetic gas (O2) when the pressure increases. Processing of the research results was carried out by methods of mathematical statistics. Findings. Analysis of long-term results for determining the ultimate sorption capacity of coal matter by EPR-spectroscopy was carried out. The analysis testified about the need to adjust the proportionality coefficient between the ultimate sorption capacity of coal and the concentration of paramagnetic centers Na and the conjugation coefficient Ksc, depending on the coal rank metamorphism. The values of the proportionality coefficient by hard coal ranks for the yield of volatile components Vdaf and the reflectivity of vitrinite R° were calculated. Appropriate changes were made to the express-method for estimating the ultimate sorption capacity of coal by the EPR method. Originality. It is proved that the proportionality coefficient β between the ultimate sorption capacity of coal and the concentration of paramagnetic centers Na and the conjugation coefficient Ksc is not a constant value, but changes (decreases) with the degree of metamorphism. It is established that this relationship is satisfactorily characterized by the sigmoid model, whose inflection (on the graph) is confined to the gas and fat ranks of coals (volatile-matter yield is 29 %) and is caused by the second main jump of coalification during a cardinal change in the molecular structure of coal, associated with the completion of the intensive decomposition of the polymer-lipoidin component in the coal matter. Practical values. The express-method was improved for estimating the ultimate sorption capacity of coal by the EPR-method, which differs by specified proportionality coefficients according to ranks in the series of coalification.
The article presents the results of the theoretical and methodological substantiation and empirical verification of the approach to investigation the changes in elderly’s personality features during ...postemployment period. Theoretical analysis revealed that professional activity should be considered as the significant predictor of differences in perception and adaptation of the elderly. To meet the purpose of the study the sample of research participants was split into two subgroups (employed and unemployed seniors) to reveal changes in their personality features. Results of the empirical study confirmed the significant differences in dispositional traits and other personality features among groups of employed and unemployed seniors (adaptation, self-perception, acceptation of other people, internality, dominance, time orientation, autonomy, spontaneity, self– understanding, autosympathy, sociability, flexibility in communication, self-actualization appeared to be higher among employed seniors comparing to unemployed). Employed elderlies also showed higher level on such scales as: extraversion, agreeableness, self-control, emotional stability, expressiveness in comparison to the group of unemployed ones. The group of unemployed seniors tend to experience higher level of emotional comfort, but at the same time they are characterized by high level of anxiety, frustration, loneliness, aggression and rigidity. The multiple correlation-regression analysis yielded the following hierarchy of the most informative aspects of the elderly’s adaptation. They include: spontaneity and self-realization. The findings open up new prospects for identifying the potential personality precursors of adaptation of the elderly people.
The article examines the issues of comparison of private regulation and self-regulation of economic activity, highlights their types and features of means. Private regulation should be understood as: ...external (carried out by non-governmental organizations, business associations, self-regulatory organizations, business entities to resolve issues with third parties) and internal (created by business entities to regulate their own activities). Understanding the content of private regulation, self-regulation of economic activity has evolved from internal regulation within one state to cross-border international private regulation. Global support for self-regulatory tools is reflected in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and other universal initiatives for the business community. There was an expansion of understanding of the concept of “selfregulation” to a more capacious “private regulation” through the activities of non-governmental organizations, business associations, cross-border legal entities. The issue of regulatory control within private regulation remains open. Unlike external private regulation, internal self-regulation is aimed at the implementation of the internal organization of the entity, so the “undisputed” self-regulation is the individual level of a particular entity. Private regulation as well as self-regulation is carried out within the limits set by the state. Self-regulation should not be equated with private law regulation. The main emphases of CSR policies in wartime should be: protection of human rights, safety of workers (mobilization, evacuation), organization of the business entity (responsibility of each employee from the head of the company to the lower level of the executor, wages, taxes, etc.); assistance to the state, armed forces, employees and other citizens, termination of cooperation with resident counterparties of the Russian Federation and Belarus, withdrawal from the market of these states, etc. Saving human life must be a crucial CSR imperative in wartime.
The article raises the issue of protecting the rights of users of electronic communication services in emergencies, including war and the threat of nuclear danger caused by the seizure of Chernobyl ...and Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plants by the Russian occupiers. Using a number of methods of scientific knowledge: threats to users of such services are identified, relevant in all conditions (abuses of digital rights, cybercrime, monopolistic abuses in the field of electronic communications, lack of professionalism or integrity of providers of electronic communications services, defects in legal regulation spheres), as well as threats that have become especially relevant during martial law (individual cybervulnerability of the majority of Ukrainians, which the Russian occupiers use as weapons against Ukraine); the Ukrainian legislation from the point of view of protection of the rights of users of electronic communication services is analyzed; problems of legal regulation on the specified questions are revealed and ways of the it decision are offered. Universal legal mechanisms for protection of the rights of electronic communications users have been identified (mandatory authorization and licensing of radiofrequency spectrum for providers of electronic communications services, a number of related responsibilities, including compliance with technical regulation requirements; transparency of relations provided by the digital regulatory platform, system of bodies in charge of electronic communications in order to comply with the legislation on electronic communications; antitrust regulation of this area), as well as gaps in the system of protection of users' rights, namely: lack of legislation on digital rights and digital responsibilities of citizens in the Constitution of Ukraine and mentions of individual cybersecurity and cyber defence in the Law of Ukraine “On Basic Principles of Cyber Security of Ukraine”. It is proposed to close gaps in legal regulation to better protect the rights of users of electronic communications services, including digital rights, among which the right to access the Internet and the right to individual cybersecurity play a particularly important role in emergencies of Russian aggression and the dangers associated with it.
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