Tibia shaft fractures (TSF) are common for men and women and cause substantial morbidity, healthcare use, and costs. The impact of nonunions on healthcare use and costs is poorly described. Our goal ...was to investigate patient characteristics and healthcare use and costs associated with TSF in patients with and without nonunion.
We retrospectively analyzed medical claims in large U.S. managed care claims databases (Thomson Reuters MarketScan®, 16 million lives). We studied patients ≥ 18 years old with a TSF diagnosis (ICD-9 codes: 823.20, 823.22, 823.30, 823.32) in 2006 with continuous pharmaceutical and medical benefit enrollment 1 year prior and 2 years post-fracture. Nonunion was defined by ICD-9 code 733.82 (after the TSF date).
Among the 853 patients with TSF, 99 (12%) had nonunion. Patients with nonunion had more comorbidities (30 vs. 21, pre-fracture) and were more likely to have their TSF open (87% vs. 70%) than those without nonunion. Patients with nonunion were more likely to have additional fractures during the 2-year follow-up (of lower limb 88.9% vs. 69.5%, P < 0.001, spine or trunk 16.2% vs. 7.2%, P = 0.002, and skull 5.1% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.008) than those without nonunion. Nonunion patients were more likely to use various types of surgical care, inpatient care (tibia and non-tibia related: 65% vs. 40%, P < 0.001) and outpatient physical therapy (tibia-related: 60% vs. 42%, P < 0.001) than those without nonunion. All categories of care (except emergency room costs) were more expensive in nonunion patients than in those without nonunion: median total care cost $25,556 vs. $11,686, P < 0.001. Nonunion patients were much more likely to be prescribed pain medications (99% vs. 92%, P = 0.009), especially strong opioids (90% vs. 76.4%, P = 0.002) and had longer length of opioid therapy (5.4 months vs. 2.8 months, P < 0.001) than patients without nonunion. Tibia fracture patterns in men differed from those in women.
Nonunions in TSF's are associated with substantial healthcare resource use, common use of strong opioids, and high per-patient costs. Open fractures are associated with higher likelihood of nonunion than closed ones. Effective screening of nonunion risk may decrease this morbidity and subsequent healthcare resource use and costs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Proper adherence and persistence to medications are crucial for better quality of life and improved outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis (PsO), and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). We ...systematically describe current adherence and persistence patterns for RA, PsO, and PsA, with a focus on biologics and identifying factors associated with adherence and persistence.
Using various databases, a systematic literature review of US-based studies published from 2000 to 2015 on medication adherence and persistence to biologics and associated factors was conducted among patients with RA, PsO, and PsA.
Using the medication possession ratio or the percentage of days covered >80%, RA and PsO adherence rates for etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab ranged from 16% to 73%, 21% to 70%, and 38% to 81%, respectively. Using the criteria of a ≥45-day gap, RA persistence rates for etanercept, adalimumab, and infliximab ranged from 46% to 89%, 42% to 94%, and 41% to 76%, respectively. In PsO, persistence rates for etanercept and adalimumab ranged from 34% to 50% and 50% to 62%, respectively. Similar persistence rates were observed in PsA. Experienced biologics users showed better adherence and persistence. Younger age, female gender, higher out-of-pocket costs, greater disease severity, and more comorbidities were associated with lower adherence and persistence rates. Qualitative surveys revealed that nonpersistence was partly due to perceived ineffectiveness and safety/tolerability concerns.
Biologic adherence and persistence rates in RA, PsO, and PsA in the United States were low, with significant opportunity for improvement. Various factors - including decrease in disease severity; reduction of comorbidities; lower out-of-pocket costs; refilling at specialty pharmacies; and awareness of drug effectiveness, safety, and tolerability - can inform targeted approaches to improve these rates.
This study predicts the burden of incident osteoporosis‐related fractures and costs in the United States, by sex, age group, race/ethnicity, and fracture type, from 2005 to 2025. Total fractures were ...>2 million, costing nearly $17 billion in 2005. Men account for >25% of the burden. Rapid growth in the disease burden is projected among nonwhite populations.
Introduction: The aging of the U.S. population will likely lead to greater prevalence of osteoporosis. Policy makers require precise projections of the disease burden by demographic subgroups and skeletal sites to effectively target osteoporosis intervention and treatment programs.
Materials and Methods: A state transition Markov decision model was used to estimate total incident fractures and costs by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and skeletal site for the U.S. population ≥50 years of age for 2005–2025.
Results: More than 2 million incident fractures at a cost of $17 billion are predicted for 2005. Total costs including prevalent fractures are more than $19 billion. Men account for 29% of fractures and 25% of costs. Total incident fractures by skeletal site were vertebral (27%), wrist (19%), hip (14%), pelvic (7%), and other (33%). Total costs by fracture type were vertebral (6%), hip (72%), wrist (3%), pelvic (5%), and other (14%). By 2025, annual fractures and costs are projected to rise by almost 50%. The most rapid growth is estimated for people 65–74 years of age, with an increase >87%. An increase of nearly 175% is projected for Hispanic and other subpopulations.
Conclusions: Osteoporosis prevention, treatment, and education efforts should address all skeletal sites, not just hip and vertebral, and appropriate attention is warranted for men and diverse race/ethnicity subgroups.
Data on real-world experiences for patients treated with ixekizumab is currently limited.
Describe characteristics of ixekizumab-treated psoriasis patients and provide evidence of clinical outcomes ...using disease severity scores Body Surface Area (BSA) and Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) in the real world.
Chart review was performed for adult patients treated with ixekizumab at a single Canadian dermatology clinic (February 2017-August 2018). The cohort was stratified into responders (patients who remained on ixekizumab) and non-responders (patients who discontinued ixekizumab). Subgroup analyses were performed for responders to assess clinical improvement stratified by previous biologic exposure.
Thirty-eight patients were included (mean observational time 32 weeks). At baseline, mean PASI and BSA were 10.8 and 11.6%, respectively. Mean changes in PASI and BSA were -7.8 and -6.7%, respectively, at week 4. PASI 100 was achieved in 70% of patients. Significant differences in mean change of BSA were seen between bio-naïve and bio-experienced patients.
This analysis represents the first investigation of early clinical outcomes in a small cohort of Canadian patients treated with ixekizumab. Overall, complete and rapid skin clearance was observed. Future studies including more patients and longer follow-up time are crucial to confirm these findings.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Ixekizumab was efficacious in treating moderate-to-severe genital psoriasis over 12 weeks. We evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of ixekizumab for up to 52 weeks. Patients were randomized to ...80 mg ixekizumab every 2 weeks or to placebo through Week 12, then received 80 mg open-label ixekizumab every 4 weeks through Week 52. In patients initially randomized to ixekizumab, clear or almost clear genital skin was achieved for 73% of patients at Week 12 and 75% at Week 52. Persistent improvements were also observed for overall psoriasis, genital itch, and the impact of genital psoriasis on the frequency of sexual activity. The safety profile was consistent with studies of ixekizumab in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Ixekizumab provided rapid and persistent improvements in the signs and symptoms of genital psoriasis for up to 52 weeks of treatment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Introduction
Atopic dermatitis is associated with intense itch, which has been shown to cause sleep disruption that significantly impacts the lives of patients with atopic dermatitis. Despite this, ...little is known about its burden to the healthcare system and society. This study aimed to quantify the economic burden of itch-related sleep loss in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis in the UK.
Methods
A literature-based decision-analytic model was developed from a healthcare payer and societal perspective. The model quantifies the economic burden by linking the severity of itch to the number of days of sleep disruption. The model captures the direct costs of healthcare resource utilization and treatment alongside the indirect costs of productivity loss from absenteeism and presenteeism at work over a 5-year time horizon. The patient population considered was patients aged ≥ 15 years with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis and itch-related sleep disruption.
Results
The model estimated that itch-related sleep disruption as a result of moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis would affect an average of 821,142 people over the time horizon (2022 to 2026). This translates into an average net economic burden of £3.8 billion (£4687 per patient), with an average of 172 million days being affected by sleep disruption per year in the UK. The greatest contributor to the annual average net economic burden was productivity loss from absenteeism and presenteeism, each accounting for 34%. The direct costs (treatment costs and healthcare resource use) accounted for 32% of the net economic burden. The results showed a high and gradually increasing economic burden over the 5-year time horizon.
Conclusions
Sleep disruption has a high economic burden and reducing itch may provide substantial direct and indirect savings. Quantifying the economic burden of itch-related sleep loss may provide support for analyses to inform public health policies for treatment of atopic dermatitis, particularly within the moderate-to-severe level.
Introduction
Rapid improvement of psoriasis is valued by patients and should be considered to be an important factor in treatment selection. We investigated Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) ...and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) response rates within the first 12 weeks of treatment to compare the rapid response of 11 biologic therapies for moderate-to-severe psoriasis using Bayesian and Frequentist network meta-analyses (NMA).
Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted to identify phase 3, double-blind, randomized, controlled trials for adult patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis treated with interleukin (IL)-17 (brodalumab, ixekizumab, secukinumab), IL-12/-23 (ustekinumab), IL-23 (guselkumab, risankizumab, tildrakizumab), or tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, infliximab). Outcome measures extracted from 32 publications were ≥ 75, ≥ 90, or 100% improvement in PASI score (PASI 75, PASI 90, or PASI 100, respectively) at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 and DLQI (0,1), where score (0,1) indicates no effect on patient's life, at week 12. Bayesian NMA (BNMA) used fixed-treatment effect and random-baseline effect, normal independent models. Frequentist NMA (fNMA) was conducted as sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the findings.
Results
Based on BNMA and fNMA, brodalumab and ixekizumab showed the most rapid treatment effects on PASI 75 at weeks 2, 4, and 8 and on PASI 90 and PASI 100 at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12; ixekizumab overlapped with risankizumab on PASI 75 at week 12. Brodalumab, ixekizumab, and secukinumab yielded higher DLQI (0,1) gains at week 12 compared to all of the other biologics studied. Additional measures of quality of life were not assessed in this report.
Conclusions
Ixekizumab and brodalumab provide the most rapid response and earliest clinical benefit at week 2 among all of the biologics studied, including other biologic treatments such as secukinumab, ustekinumab, guselkumab, adalimumab, and etanercept. BNMA and fNMA results showed similar relative effect estimates and treatment rankings.
Funding
Eli Lilly and Company.
There is a paucity of long-term real-world evidence comparing the effectiveness of ixekizumab (IXE) and adalimumab (ADA). We compared real-world treatment patterns of IXE-treated and ADA-treated ...patients with psoriasis over 24 months in the United States.
A retrospective observational study was conducted using IBM Watson Health MarketScan® databases. Adult patients with psoriasis having ≥1 claim for IXE or ADA from March 1, 2016 - October 31, 2019 were identified. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) was used to address cohort imbalances. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risks of non-persistence, discontinuation, and switching. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds of high adherence. Persistence, adherence, discontinuation, reinitiation, and dosing and switching rates were also analyzed.
The final cohorts comprised 475 IXE users and 3159 ADA users over 24 months. IXE users demonstrated higher adherence (36.3% vs 28.8%; P<0.001) and persistence rates (35.2% vs 28.8%; P=0.004), and a lower discontinuation rate (59.1% vs 65.3%; P=0.007) compared to ADA users. IXE users had a higher likelihood of being treatment-adherent compared to ADA users (OR=1.52, 95% CI: 1.24-1.87), a lower risk of non-persistence (HR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.75-0.95), and a lower risk of discontinuation (HR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.74-0.94), respectively. Switching rates were similar in both groups (31.2% vs 30.0%; P=0.608).
IXE users had better treatment adherence and persistence, and a lower risk of discontinuation compared to ADA users over 24 months. There was no difference in the risk of switching between IXE and ADA. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(4):399-407. doi:10.36849/JDD.6336.
A large medical and pharmacy claims database was used to evaluate outcomes in daily teriparatide (D-TPD) patients in Japan. 445 patients were identified (April 2008–July 2013) with 6+ months’ pre- ...and 18+ months’ post-index observation. D-TPD 20 µg subcutaneous injection is indicated for individuals at high risk of fracture. Descriptive analyses were conducted on clinical fractures, health care utilization, and costs. Adherence was measured by medication possession ratio (MPR) (High MPR > 0.8; 0.5 ≤ Medium MPR ≤ 0.8, Low MPR < 0.5). Adjusted analyses of Lower (Low + Medium) MPR vs. High MPR for fracture incidence and hospital admissions were performed using logistic and Poisson regression models; adjusted cost analyses used propensity bin bootstrapping methods. Baseline characteristics were: mean 74.7 years (standard deviation = 8.9); 90 % female; 20 % 1+ fracture. Post-index, 249 and 196 patients had High and Lower MPR, respectively. Mean incident fractures/1000 patient-years for Lower and High MPR patients were 77.4 and 57.7, respectively. Adjusted fracture risk was greater in Lower MPR patients logistic odds ratio (OR) = 1.67, 95 % confidence interval 0.791–3.541; Poisson incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.505, 0.764–2.966. Hospital admission risk was significantly greater in Lower than High MPR patients (OR = 1.85, 1.169–2.921; IRR = 1.47, 1.137–1.904). High MPR patients had numerically lower inpatient and total unadjusted costs than Lower MPR patients. Adjusted inpatient costs were significantly less in High MPR patients; outpatient and pharmacy costs were greater. Better adherence to D-TPD revealed a trend towards lower fracture risk, and significant reductions in hospital admissions and costs. The small sample size limited the robustness of these results.
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