2014 marked the sixth and most widespread mass bleaching event reported in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, home to the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM), the world's second largest ...marine reserve. This event was associated with an unusual basin-scale warming in the North Pacific Ocean, with an unprecedented peak intensity of around 20°C-weeks of cumulative heat stress at Lisianksi Island. In situ bleaching surveys and satellite data were used to evaluate the relative importance of potential drivers of bleaching patterns in 2014, assess the subsequent morality and its effects on coral communities and 3D complexity, test for signs of regional acclimation, and investigate long-term change in heat stress in PMNM. Surveys conducted at four island/atoll (French Frigate Shoals, Lisianski Island, Pearl and Hermes Atoll, and Midway Atoll) showed that in 2014, percent bleaching varied considerably between islands/atolls and habitats (back reef/fore reef and depth), and was up to 91% in shallow habitats at Lisianski. The percent bleaching during the 2014 event was best explained by a combination of duration of heat stress measured by Coral Reef Watch's satellite Degree Heating Week, relative community susceptibility (bleaching susceptibility score of each taxon * the taxon's abundance relative to the total number of colonies), depth and region. Mean coral cover at permanent Lisianski monitoring sites decreased by 68% due to severe losses of Montipora dilatata complex, resulting in rapid reductions in habitat complexity. Spatial distribution of the 2014 bleaching was significantly different from the 2002 and 2004 bleaching events likely due to a combination of differences in heat stress and local acclimatization. Historical satellite data demonstrated heat stress in 2014 was unlike any previous event and that the exposure of corals to the bleaching-level heat stress has increased significantly in the northern PMNM since 1982, highlighting the increasing threat of climate change to reefs.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Epidemiological studies suggest a dose-response relationship exists between physical activity and cognitive outcomes. However, no direct data from randomized trials exists to support these indirect ...observations. The purpose of this study was to explore the possible relationship of aerobic exercise dose on cognition. Underactive or sedentary participants without cognitive impairment were randomized to one of four groups: no-change control, 75, 150, and 225 minutes per week of moderate-intensity semi-supervised aerobic exercise for 26-weeks in a community setting. Cognitive outcomes were latent residual scores derived from a battery of 16 cognitive tests: Verbal Memory, Visuospatial Processing, Simple Attention, Set Maintenance and Shifting, and Reasoning. Other outcome measures were cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen consumption) and measures of function functional health. In intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses (n = 101), cardiorespiratory fitness increased and perceived disability decreased in a dose-dependent manner across the 4 groups. No other exercise-related effects were observed in ITT analyses. Analyses restricted to individuals who exercised per-protocol (n = 77) demonstrated that Simple Attention improved equivalently across all exercise groups compared to controls and a dose-response relationship was present for Visuospatial Processing. A clear dose-response relationship exists between exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness. Cognitive benefits were apparent at low doses with possible increased benefits in visuospatial function at higher doses but only in those who adhered to the exercise protocol. An individual’s cardiorespiratory fitness response was a better predictor of cognitive gains than exercise dose (i.e., duration) and thus maximizing an individual’s cardiorespiratory fitness may be an important therapeutic target for achieving cognitive benefits.
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01129115.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
This book tells the story of how three disparate schools handle the many challenges of integrating technology into their classrooms. Teachers and administrators alike will share familiar feelings as ...they watch the professional learning communities progress toward the change that makes an enormous difference in how they teach and learn from each other and their students. This book provides an attainable approach for educators to create their own communities of practice for the purposes of school improvement. The case studies illustrate how administrators and teachers work together to find solutions to the best ways to integrate technology in the classroom. In the process, through their collaborative work, they discover that they learned much more than the technical skills they first thought would be the focus of their common inquiry. In creating their communities of practice, the isolation of the classroom is removed, new ways of thinking and doing are embraced, and they learn how to learn again. As the teachers reach out to their peers and students, giving and receiving support in a cooperative learning endeavor, a new enthusiasm permeates their schools. This book is organized into the following chapters: (1) Applying Technology to Restructuring Learning; (2) Teacher-Centered Professional Development; (3) Technology: A Catalyst for Change; (4) From Old Guard to Vanguard: Veteran Teachers as Leaders of Communities of Practice; (5) Building a Vision: Toward an Intentional Community of Practice; (6) No Matter What: Leadership and Communities of Practice; and (7) Conclusion: Change and Communities of Practice.
Reprocessing Text Levy, Betty Ann; Burns, Kelly Irene
Canadian journal of psychology,
12/1990, Letnik:
44, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recent claims that reprocessing benefits observed during rereading are mediated by abstract word-level representations (
Carr, Brown, & Charalambous, 1989
) are countered in four experiments. In ...these experiments we systematically varied the amount of text context that was repeated between original and rereading tasks. When subjects reread well-structured texts, the reprocessing benefit varied systematically with the text context overlap between the original and reprocessing passages. Words read out of context conferred little benefit to rereading those words in context. Rereading transfer for texts is not mediated soley by abstract word-level representations. The rereading task must recruit the original processing record, and then the magnitude of the reprocessing benefit increases with increased overlap of the text context between the two reading passages.
Des revendications récentes selon lesquelles des bénéfices de retraitement observés durant la relecture sont médiés par des représentations abstraites au niveau du mot (
Carr, Brown, & Charalambous, 1989
) ont été contrées dans quatre expériences. Dans celles-ci nous avons systématiquement varié la quantité du contexte texte qui était répété entre les tâches originates et la relecture. Quand les sujets reli-saient des textes bien structurés, le bénéfice du retraitement variait systématiquement avec le chevauchement contexte texte entre les passages originaux et ceux de retraitement. Les mots lus hors contexte conféraient peu de bénéfices à la relecture des mêmes mots en contexte. Le transfer! de relecture pour les textes n'est pas seule-ment médié par les représentations abstraites au niveau du mot. La tâche de relecture doit recruter Fenregistrement du traitement original et par la suite la grandeur du bénéfice du retraitement augmente avec 1'augmentation du chevauchement du contexte texte entre les deux passages à lire.
Structural complexity underpins the ecological functioning of coral reefs. However, rising ocean temperatures and associated coral bleaching threaten the structural integrity of these important ...ecosystems. Despite the increased frequency of coral bleaching events, few studies to date have examined changes in three-dimensional (3D) reef structural complexity following severe bleaching. The influence of local stressors on reef complexity also remains poorly understood. In the wake of the 2015-2016 El Niño-induced mass coral bleaching event, we quantified the effects of severe heat stress on 3D reef structural complexity across a gradient of local human disturbance. Using Structure-from-Motion photogrammetry we created 3D reconstructions of permanent reef plots and observed substantial declines in reef structural complexity, measured as surface rugosity and terrain ruggedness, and a detectable loss of habitat volume one year after the bleaching event. 3D reef complexity also declined with increasing levels of human disturbance, and with decreasing densities of branching and massive corals. These findings improve our understanding of the effects of local and global stressors on the structural foundation of coral reef ecosystems. In the face of accelerating climate change, mitigating local stressors may increase reef structural complexity, thereby heightening reef resilience to future bleaching events.
The aim of this Intensive Care Medicine Rapid Practice Guideline (ICM-RPG) is to formulate an evidence-based guidance for the use of neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBA) in adults with acute ...respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The panel comprised 20 international clinical experts from 12 countries, and 2 patient representatives. We adhered to the methodology for trustworthy clinical practice guidelines and followed a strict conflict of interest policy. We convened panelists through teleconferences and web-based discussions. Guideline experts from the guidelines in intensive care, development, and evaluation Group provided methodological support. Two content experts provided input and shared their expertise with the panel but did not participate in drafting the final recommendations. We followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to assess the certainty of evidence and grade recommendations and suggestions. We used the evidence to decision framework to generate recommendations. The panel provided input on guideline implementation and monitoring, and suggested future research priorities. The overall certainty in the evidence was low. The ICM-RPG panel issued one recommendation and two suggestions regarding the use of NMBAs in adults with ARDS. Current evidence does not support the early routine use of an NMBA infusion in adults with ARDS of any severity. It favours avoiding a continuous infusion of NMBA for patients who are ventilated using a lighter sedation strategy. However, for patients who require deep sedation to facilitate lung protective ventilation or prone positioning, and require neuromuscular blockade, an infusion of an NMBA for 48 h is a reasonable option.
The question stem is the statement or question to which a response is sought. Each question should focus on a single construct. Question stems should contain fewer than 20 words and be easy to ...understand and interpret,5,13 nonjudgmental and unbiased.13 Investigators should phrase questions in a socially and culturally sensitive manner. They should avoid absolute terms (e.g., "always," "none" or "never"),11 abbreviations and complex terminology.2 Investigators should specify the perspective from which questions should be addressed, particularly for questions about attitudes that may elicit different responses depending on how they are worded.14 The language used influences the response formats used, which may affect the response rate. Demonstrative questions are often followed by binary responses, whereas question stems requesting respondents to rank items or elicit their opinions should adopt a neutral tone. The wording of the question and the order of response categories can influence the responses obtained.3,15 Moreover, the manner in which question stems and responses are synthesized and presented can influence potential respondents' decisions to initiate and complete a questionnaire.3 * "Other" response options: Providing an "other" response option or requesting "any other comments" allows for unanticipated answers, alters the power balance between investigators and respondents,18 and may enhance response rates to self-administered questionnaires.3 During questionnaire testing, "other" response options can help to identify new issues or elaborate on closed response formats.18 Members of the ACCADEMY (Academy of Critical Care: Development, Evaluation and Methodology) Group: Dr. Neill K.J. Adhikari, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Toronto, Ont.; Donald Arnold, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Dr. Karen E.A. Burns, St. Michael's Hospital, the Interdepartmental Division of Critical Care, Keenan Research Centre and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ont.; Dr. Karen Choong, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Critical Care, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ont.; Dr. Deborah J. Cook MD MSc, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Dr. Cynthia Cupido, Department of Pediatrics and Division of Critical Care, McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ont.; Ines De Campos RN, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont., and St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Dr. Mark Duffett BScPharm, Department of Pharmacy and Division of Critical Care, McMaster Children's Hospital, and Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Dr. Francois Lamontagne, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Dr. Wendy Lim, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; and Dr. Maureen O. Meade MD MSc, Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
Airway diseases, including cigarette smoke-induced chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia are associated with decreased mucociliary clearance (MCC). However, it is not ...known whether a simple reduction in MCC or concentration-dependent mucus adhesion to airway surfaces dominates disease pathogenesis or whether decreasing the concentration of secreted mucins may be therapeutic. To address these questions, Scnn1b-Tg mice, which exhibit airway mucus dehydration/adhesion, were compared and crossed with Muc5b- and Muc5ac-deficient mice. Absence of Muc5b caused a 90% reduction in MCC, whereas Scnn1b-Tg mice exhibited an ∼50% reduction. However, the degree of MCC reduction did not correlate with bronchitic airway pathology, which was observed only in Scnn1b-Tg mice. Ablation of Muc5b significantly reduced the extent of mucus plugging in Scnn1b-Tg mice. However, complete absence of Muc5b in Scnn1b-Tg mice was associated with increased airway inflammation, suggesting that Muc5b is required to maintain immune homeostasis. Loss of Muc5ac had few phenotypic consequences in Scnn1b-Tg mice. These data suggest that: (i) mucus hyperconcentration dominates over MCC reduction alone to produce bronchitic airway pathology; (ii) Muc5b is the dominant contributor to the Scnn1b-Tg phenotype; and (iii) therapies that limit mucin secretion may reduce plugging, but complete Muc5b removal from airway surfaces may be detrimental.
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