OBJECTIVETo empirically test whether apathy and impulse control disorders (ICDs) represent independent, opposite ends of a motivational spectrum.
METHODSIn this single-center, cross-sectional study, ...we obtained retrospective demographics and clinical data for 887 patients with idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) seen at a tertiary care center. Mood and motivation disturbances were classified using recommended cutoff scores from self-reported measures of apathy, ICD, anxiety, and depression.
RESULTSPrevalence rates included 29.0% of patients with PD with depression, 40.7% with anxiety, 41.3% with apathy, 27.6% with ICDs, and 17.0% with both apathy and ICD. The majority (61.6%) of people reporting clinically significant ICDs also reported clinically significant apathy, and more than a third of patients with apathy (41.3%) also reported elevated ICD. Anxiety and depression were highest in patients with both apathy and ≥1 ICDs. Dopamine agonist use was higher in people with only ICD compared to people with only apathy. Mood significantly interacted with demographic variables to predict motivational disturbances.
CONCLUSIONSMotivational disturbances are common comorbid conditions in patients with PD. In addition, these complex behavioral syndromes interact with mood in clinically important ways that may influence the design of future clinical trials and the development of novel therapies. This study challenges the concept of apathy and ICD in PD as opposite ends of a spectrum.
Many studies have identified the potential of rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems to simultaneously augment potable water supply and reduce delivery of uncontrolled stormwater flows to downstream ...drainage networks. Potentially, such systems could also play a role in the controlled delivery of water to urban streams in ways which mimic baseflows. The performance of RWH systems to achieve these three objectives could be enhanced using Real-Time Control (RTC) technology to receive rainfall forecasts and initiate pre-storm release in real time, although few studies have explored such potential. We used continuous simulation to model the ability of a range of allotment-scale RWH systems to simultaneously deliver: (i) water supply; (ii) stormwater retention; and (iii) baseflow restoration. We compared the performance of RWH systems with RTC technology to conventional RWH systems and also systems designed with a passive baseflow release, rather than the active (RTC) configuration. We found that RWH systems employing RTC technology were generally superior in simultaneously achieving water supply, stormwater retention and baseflow restoration benefits compared with the other types of system tested. The active operation provided by RTC allows the system to perform optimally across a wider range of climatic conditions, but needs to be carefully designed. We conclude that the active release mechanism employing RTC technology exhibits great promise; its ability to provide centralised control and failure detection also opens the possibility of delivering a more reliable rainwater harvesting system, which can be readily adapted to varying climate over both the short and long term.
Assessment is fundamental to school psychology, but its purpose has shifted from making predictions about children to improving outcomes for children. This commentary on the special issue focuses on ...screening and progress-monitoring decisions that can be used to solve student problems. We outline several psychometric and practical issues that affect decision making (e.g., screening accuracy, the relationship between pretest and posttest probabilities, and reliable measurement of slope). We also recommend that school psychologists (a) let go of assessment practices that do not result in positive outcomes for students, (b) select assessments that directly inform intervention, (c) use a more nuanced approach to monitoring student progress that could include subskill mastery measurement, (d) stop using 3-point decision rules for high-stakes decisions, and (e) evaluate student growth in the presence of high-quality intervention delivery.
The current article comments on the importance of theoretical implications within school psychological research, and proposes that ecological theory and prevention science could provide the ...conceptual framework for school psychology research and practice. Articles published in School Psychology Review should at least discuss potential implications for theory, should be written from an ecological and preventative perspective, and should discuss implications for policy when appropriate. Moreover, intervention studies published as general articles in School Psychology Review should address moderating or mediating variables so that researchers can better understand the ecology and causal mechanisms. Manuscripts that address strength-based competence enhancement, multitiered systems of support for a variety of issues, school-based coordination of services, or multicultural competence will be consistent with an ecological approach to prevention.
Urban stormwater runoff is a critical source of degradation to stream ecosystems globally. Despite broad appreciation by stream ecologists of negative effects of stormwater runoff, stormwater ...management objectives still typically center on flood and pollution mitigation without an explicit focus on altered hydrology. Resulting management approaches are unlikely to protect the ecological structure and function of streams adequately. We present critical elements of stormwater management necessary for protecting stream ecosystems through 5 principles intended to be broadly applicable to all urban landscapes that drain to a receiving stream: 1) the ecosystems to be protected and a target ecological state should be explicitly identified; 2) the postdevelopment balance of evapotranspiration, stream flow, and infiltration should mimic the predevelopment balance, which typically requires keeping significant runoff volume from reaching the stream; 3) stormwater control measures (SCMs) should deliver flow regimes that mimic the predevelopment regime in quality and quantity; 4) SCMs should have capacity to store rain events for all storms that would not have produced widespread surface runoff in a predevelopment state, thereby avoiding increased frequency of disturbance to biota; and 5) SCMs should be applied to all impervious surfaces in the catchment of the target stream. These principles present a range of technical and social challenges. Existing infrastructural, institutional, or governance contexts often prevent application of the principles to the degree necessary to achieve effective protection or restoration, but significant potential exists for multiple co-benefits from SCM technologies (e.g., water supply and climate-change adaptation) that may remove barriers to implementation. Our set of ideal principles for stream protection is intended as a guide for innovators who seek to develop new approaches to stormwater management rather than accept seemingly insurmountable historical constraints, which guarantee future, ongoing degradation.
Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is an effective treatment for many neurologic disorders. This article gives a comprehensive overview of the clinical applications of BoNT across the field of neurology.
The purpose of this paper was to examine current mathematics interventions designed for students in kindergarten through eighth grade to determine how often they incorporated the five strands of ...mathematical proficiency identified by the National Research Council (2001). The five strands are conceptual understanding, procedural knowledge, strategic competence, adaptive reasoning, and productive disposition. A systematic review of the literature resulted in 13 meta‐analyses of that studied a total of 19 unique interventions. The five strands of mathematical proficiency were then compared to each intervention to determine with which strand(s) the intervention aligned. None of the 19 interventions contained all five strands, but interventions could be combined to enhance math proficiency. The strands of mathematics proficiency could provide a framework with which to meaningfully combine intervention components.
HIGHLIGHTS
A review of 19 math interventions found that none of them addressed all five strands of proficiency, and it would require combinations of them to do so. The strands of math proficiency could provide a framework for intervention decisions in math.
Permeable pavement (PP) systems have been shown to provide onsite stormwater management as well as contaminant removal benefits. Therefore, significant research has taken place in recent years to ...analyse the performance of these structures in terms of the volume of stormwater harvested and the water quality improvements at small scales. However, there is limited understanding of their performance for reducing stormwater runoff volume to prevent natural disasters, such as catchment-scale flooding. With larger flooding events projected to occur more frequently as a result of urbanisation and climate change, PP systems have the potential to mitigate loss by reducing peak flows and runoff volumes. Therefore, this research investigates the performance of PP at the catchment scale under a range of design rainfall and land-use scenarios. Results indicate that the integration of permeable pavements in urban settings is effective in mitigating surface flooding in an urbanised catchment in Melbourne, Australia by reducing the peak flows by 7–16%. However, in practice, flood reduction ability can markedly decrease with time due to the clogging of pavements. Our results provide preliminary data to show that the integration of permeable pavements into the existing urban landscape can reduce the risk of flooding by providing areas for water to infiltrate if maintained properly. These results are envisioned to assist councils and stormwater managers with the option evaluation of the water-sensitive urban design systems and selecting the appropriate stormwater management measures.
•Groundwater levels were significantly raised downslope of an infiltration basin.•A large part of the plume of infiltrated stormwater was lost to evapotranspiration.•No infiltrated stormwater ...contributed to baseflow in the expected stream reach in summer.•In winter, infiltrated water contributed to raised near-stream groundwater levels.
The practice of stormwater infiltration is widely used to reduce the amount of urban stormwater runoff delivered to drainage systems and receiving waters. In theory, the practice recharges groundwater, leading to increased urban stream baseflow. In reality, however, little is known about the fate of infiltrated stormwater. Because urban groundwater pathways are numerous and the interactions with subsurface infrastructure (e.g. trenches, pipes, etc.) are highly complex, the spatial and temporal variability of the contribution of infiltrated stormwater to baseflow is difficult to predict. We tracked the fate of infiltrated stormwater out of an 1800 m2 infiltration basin (3.5% of its 5-ha impervious catchment) using a network of piezometers for over three years. We found that groundwater levels downslope of the basin were increased (up to 4 m) while water levels in an array of reference piezometers lateral to the basin showed no change (dry at depths ranging 2–4 m). Monthly water balance calculations indicated that in summer, most of the infiltrated stormwater was evapotranspired by the vegetation downslope of the basin, and thus did not reach the receiving stream. In the colder months, some infiltrated stormwater did reach the stream as plant water use declined. Anthropogenic disturbances (a sewer pipe and stream re-alignment) interacted with the upper part of the plume of infiltrated stormwater, locally lowering the water table. The study provides evidence that the fate of infiltrated stormwater is complex, and that infiltrated stormwater does not always reach receiving streams as baseflow as is often assumed.
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