Purpose
This article explores the impacts of the changing land-use on urban heat island (UHI) in an urban transformation zone in Ankara (Türkiye). Identifying a characteristic rural landscape until ...the 1950s, the study area experienced a drastic land-use change by razing the fertile landscape of the city and replacing it with a sealed surface. Development of the squatter houses after the 1960s and, subsequently, the implementation of a new housing morphology have introduced new sceneries, scales and surface conditions that make the study area a noteworthy case to analyze.
Design/methodology/approach
Regarding the drastic spatio-temporal change of the study area, this research assesses the impacts of the changing land-use on UHI based on three periods. Using 1957, 1991 and 2021 aerial imaginaries and maps, it analyzes the temperature alteration caused by the changing land-use. To do so, different surface types, green patterns and built-up areas have been modeled using Ankara climatic data and transferred to ENVI-Met to calculate the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) values.
Findings
The calculation has been developed over a transect covering an area of 40 m × 170 m, which includes diversity in terms of architecture, landscape and open space elements. To encourage future design strategies, the research findings deliberate into three extents that discuss the lacking climate knowledge in the ongoing urban transformation projects: impervious surface ratio and regional albedo variation, changing aspect ratio and temperature variation at the pedestrian level.
Originality/value
Urban transformation projects, being countrywide operations in Türkiye, need to cover climate-informed design strategies. Herein, the article underlines the critical position of design decisions in forming a climate-informed urban environment. Dwelling on a typical model of housing transformation in Türkiye, the research could trigger climate-informed urban development strategies in the country.
This article intends to question changing spatiality and position of the "urban edge" in expanding cities, and argues its spatial manifestation as an "urban fissure". The term "edge", which basically ...refers to the end line between two opposing milieus, became redundant in the expanded urban surface; and necessitates a critical review through a new concept. Edge, demarcating the communication/interaction line between two milieus, acts also as a "productive frontier" and generates an edgescape that subsequently appears as urban fissure in the expanded city. The Istanbul Land Walls, with their immense size and multi-layered spatiality, present a unique case in the search for urban fissure. The triple defense architecture of the Land Walls forms a complex system, composed of open and enclosed spaces: inner wall, outer wall, moat, terraces between the walls, towers and gates. Besides their architecture, the Land Walls have also triggered the generation of edge spaces on and around them: gates, Byzantine Imperial Palaces, Yedikule Fortress, bostans, cemeteries, sacred spaces, industrial sites, circulation infrastructure, recreational areas and neighborhoods. The coexistence of these spaces has formed a mural zone that has been molded by spatial removals, impositions or superimpositions throughout the course of the history. In this respect, the mural zone might be identified as a challenging ground, having diverse representations in different times: the material expression of the territorial defense for centuries, derelict defense architecture in Ottoman Istanbul, a ruined edgescape in the 19th century; an urban wilderness in the 1950s, and an urban interstice by 1980s. Especially after the 1980s, an increased number of (inter)national efforts/regulations/ planning attempts, informal occupancies and spatial removals/injections, have highly influenced the spatiality of the mural zone that ended up with spatial fragmentation, over-programming, and razed characteristic landscape fabric. To this purpose, this article discusses the multi-scaled and multi-layered spatiality and landscape of the mural zone through an integrated historical and conceptual reading that will present the mural zone as an urban fissure. Such analysis will reveal currently endangered spaces and landscape memories in the mural zone, and will liberate mural zone from over-programmed urban and landscape scenarios. Keywords: Land walls; urban fissure; urban edge; city walls; Istanbul. Bu makale, sinirlari yok olan ve yayilan kentlerde "kentsel kenarin" degisen mekansalligini ve konumunu "kentsel yarik" kavrami uzerinden sorgulamaktadir. Iki karsit ortam arasindaki sona erme durumunu vurgulayan "kenar" kavrami, yayilan kent dokusunda asil anlamini yitirerek, yeni bir kavram uzerinden elestirel bir okumayi gerektirmektedir. Birbirinden farkli iki ortam arasinda iletisim/etkilesim hattini tarifleyen "kenar" (kentin yayilmasiyla "yarik" olarak okunabilecek) "uretken bir sinir" olarak kendine ozgu peyzaji olusturur. Bu noktada, cok katmanli mekansalligi ile Istanbul Kara Surlari "kentsel yarik" kavraminin tartisilmasinda ozgun bir alan olarak ortaya cikar. Kara Surlari'nin sahip oldugu uclu savunma sistemi (ic duvar, dis duvar, hendek, teraslar, kuleler ve kapilar) karmasik bir mimari sunar. Mimarinin yani sira, Kara Surlari yakin cevresinde "kenara" ozgu bir alanin olusmasina da olanak tanir; sur kapilari, Bizans Imparatorluk Saraylari, Yedikule, bostanlar, mezarliklar, kutsal mekanlar, sanayi alanlari, ulasim hatlari, rekreasyon alanlari ve mahalleler. Sozu edilen mekansal biraradalik, tarihsel surecte gelisen mekansal mudahalelerle sekillenen bir "duvar bolgesi" yaratir. Bu baglamda, "duvar bolgesi", farkli zamanlarda farkli temsillere sahip bir alan olarak da tanimlanabilir; yuzyillar boyunca kentin sinirlarini koruyan bir savunma hatti; Osmanli Donemi Istanbul'unda islevini yitirmis savunma yapisi; 19. yuzyilda harap "kentsel kenar"; 1950'lerde kentteki "yaban"; 1980'lerde kentsel bosluk/aralik. Ozellikle 1980'lerden sonra artan ulusal, uluslararasi ve yerel politikalar, planlama girisimleri ve mekansal mudahaleler, duvar bolgesinde parcalanma, asiri programlanmislik ve karakteristik peyzajin yok olmasina sebep olan sorunlu bir durum ortaya cikartir. Bu amacla, bu makale, duvar bolgesinin coklu olcek ve katmanlarda var olan ve "kentsel yarik" olarak okunabilecek mekansalligini butunlesik bir tarihsel ve kavramsal okumayla tartismaya acmaktadir. Makalede gelistirilen tartisma, bugun (buyuk olcude) tehdit altinda olan duvar bolgesine ozgu mekanlari, degerleri ve bilgiyi bir kez daha hatirlatarak; bolgeyi asiri programlanmis kentsel senaryolardan ve peyzaj uygulamalarindan koruyacaktir. Anahtar Sozcukler: Kara surlari; kentsel yarik; kentsel kenar; kent surlari; Istanbul.
With a consideration of the key concepts of housing, landscape, and roads, this study discusses a number of housing areas in Ankara that are planned, designed, and add value to the city. The ...intention of the study is to better understand integrated design decisions on housing, landscape and roads, by examining the original drawings and conceptual proposals of selected project designers. The research takes an analytical reading of a period starting from the Early Republican area, when the road was conceptualized as the public space of the house, to the current state where the interface between the housing area and the road is mostly obstructed. Providing a consideration of three historical periods, the article mainly focuses on Demirtas Kamcil and Rahmi Bediz's Israel houses, Fatin Uran's Ilbank blocks, and Altug-Behruz Cinici's Sincan Elvankoy mass housing complex projects. It intends to deduce the common ground of these projects with different contexts, scales, and spatial organizations in order to lay the necessary knowledge ground for alternative design and planning approaches in the constitution of the housing-landscape-road relationship, which appear to be widely lost today. Appear to be widely lost today. Keywords: Planning, Housing, Landscape, Road, Interface, Ankara Bu calismada, yapili cevreyi sekillendiren konut, peyzaj, yol iliskisi uclu bir cercevede ele alinarak Ankara'da planlanmis, tasarlanmis ve kente deger katan secili konut alanlari tartismaya acilmistir. Ilgili projelerin tasarimcilarina ait ozgun cizim ve fikirlerin incelendigi arastirmada; konut, peyzaj ve yola dair butuncul kararlar irdelenmistir. Erken Cumhuriyet Donemi'nde yolun konutun kamusal alani olarak kavramsallastirildigi planlama anlayisindan, bugun yol ile iliskisini buyuk olcude perdeleme arayuzu uzerinden kuran konut alanlarinin insasina uzanan surece dair cozumsel bir okuma ortaya konulmustur. Erken Cumhuriyet Donemi, 1950'lerden 1980'lere uzanan donem ve 1980'ler ve sonrasina vurgu yapilan makalede, agirlikli olarak Demirtas Kamcil ve Rahmi Bediz'in Israil Evleri, Fatin Uran'in Ilbank Bloklari ile Altug ve Behruz Cinici'nin Sincan Elvankoy Toplu Konut Yerleskesi projelerine odaklanilmistir. Farkli baglam, olcek ve mekansal cozumlerle uretilen bu projeler, ortak noktalari uzerinden ele alinmistir. Boylelikle, gunumuzde buyuk olcude yitirilmis konut, peyzaj ve yol oruntusune dair alternatif tasarim ve planlama yaklasimlarini uretmek icin gerekli bilgi altyapisi olusturulabilecektir. Anahtar sozcukler: Planlama, Konut, Peyzaj, Yol, Arayuz, Ankara
Projecting the deep ground Savaş, Ayşen; Baş Bütüner, Funda; Sarıca, Sezin ...
Journal of landscape architecture (Wageningen, Netherlands),
09/2022, Letnik:
17, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This article reflects on surface-based urban strategies and explores the idea of deep ground. It aims to reveal the ground's unacquainted thickness in order to discover the stratified context ...informed by local knowledge-historical, ecological, geological and hydrological. To clarify the argument, the article dwells on design projects conducted in our research-based design studio. Focusing on Bodrum, a Turkish coastal town challenged by rampant tourism, the studio developed analyses and design proposals for activating the town's deep ground. Based on the studio projects, the research seeks out various ways of projecting the ground and frames three design acts that propose creative future urban strategies and scenarios: expanding the guidelines, thickening the ground and populating the liminal zones.
This article intends to question changing spatiality and position of the "urban edge" in expanding cities, and argues its spatial manifestation as an "urban fissure". The term "edge", which basically ...refers to the end line between two opposing milieus, became redundant in the expanded urban surface; and necessitates a critical review through a new concept. Edge, demarcating the communication/interaction line between two milieus, acts also as a "productive frontier" and generates an edgescape that subsequently appears as urban fissure in the expanded city. The Istanbul Land Walls, with their immense size and multi-layered spatiality, present a unique case in the search for urban fissure. The triple defense architecture of the Land Walls forms a complex system, composed of open and enclosed spaces: inner wall, outer wall, moat, terraces between the walls, towers and gates. Besides their architecture, the Land Walls have also triggered the generation of edge spaces on and around them: gates, Byzantine Imperial Palaces, Yedikule Fortress, bostans, cemeteries, sacred spaces, industrial sites, circulation infrastructure, recreational areas and neighborhoods. The coexistence of these spaces has formed a mural zone that has been molded by spatial removals, impositions or superimpositions throughout the course of the history. In this respect, the mural zone might be identified as a challenging ground, having diverse representations in different times: the material expression of the territorial defense for centuries, derelict defense architecture in Ottoman Istanbul, a ruined edgescape in the 19th century; an urban wilderness in the 1950s, and an urban interstice by 1980s. Especially after the 1980s, an increased number of (inter)national efforts/regulations/ planning attempts, informal occupancies and spatial removals/injections, have highly influenced the spatiality of the mural zone that ended up with spatial fragmentation, over-programming, and razed characteristic landscape fabric. To this purpose, this article discusses the multi-scaled and multi-layered spatiality and landscape of the mural zone through an integrated historical and conceptual reading that will present the mural zone as an urban fissure. Such analysis will reveal currently endangered spaces and landscape memories in the mural zone, and will liberate mural zone from over-programmed urban and landscape scenarios.
The rise of railways as urbanistic and landscape opportunities has generated new tracks in theory and practise. Apart from being decisive in the formation and development of the urban fabric, ...railways have also manipulated rural and urban landscape. With their surrounding land and integrated (sub)(infra)structure, they manifest infrastructural terrain where the interrupted relation amongst city, landscape and human can be rediscovered. Hence, this article intends to decode the infrastructural terrain along the Sincan-Kayaş commuter line in Ankara (Turkey) and reflect on the fragmentation of the landscape fabric in order to appreciate the currently existing landscape fragments: linearscapes, heritage lands and desolate lands. By means of these three types, the commuter line, currently forming an urban obstacle, might be revealed as a reference for integrative infrastructural terrain introducing a new urban landscape agenda for Ankara.
With a consideration of the key concepts of housing, landscape, and roads, this study discusses a number of housing areas in Ankara that are planned, designed, and add value to the city. The ...intention of the study is to better understand integrated design decisions on housing, landscape and roads, by examining the original drawings and conceptual proposals of selected project designers. The research takes an analytical reading of a period starting from the Early Republican area, when the road was conceptualized as the public space of the house, to the current state where the interface between the housing area and the road is mostly obstructed. Providing a consideration of three historical periods, the article mainly focuses on Demirtaş Kamçıl and Rahmi Bediz's Israel houses, Fatin Uran's İlbank blocks, and Altuğ-Behruz Çinici's Sincan Elvanköy mass housing complex projects. It intends to deduce the common ground of these projects with different contexts, scales, and spatial organizations in order to lay the necessary knowledge ground for alternative design and planning approaches in the constitution of the housing-landscape-road relationship, which appear to be widely lost today. Appear to be widely lost today.
The integrated designed landscape of Ankara’s Republican period has now been replaced by fragmented and repetitive landscapes. This change has introduced a destructive process that has significantly ...damaged the fabric of the city’s characteristic landscapes, and has obscured their existing value. This article considers two linear landscapes that present different scales, contexts, and spatial types of Ankara’s abraded and lost landscapes: Atatürk Boulevard and Hatip Creek valley. Examination of these two landscapes, which differ in their morphological structures and forms, enables a reconsideration, through an integrated lens, of the characteristic spaces and lost diversity of Ankara’s landscapes. Such a reading also raises awareness of the potential of currently existing areas for landscape production. It is suggested that the landscape-based urbanism that has been considered by many world cities during the last 20-30 years to cope with climate change and preserve the cities should also be applied to Ankara.
Urban transportation networks have typically been discussed within the fields of engineering and transportation planning, without being conceptualized in the context of the urban landscape which both ...defines and limits them. From the 1990s onwards, the “infrastructural urbanism” and “landscape urbanism” approaches redefined transportation infrastructures as urban potentialities rather than technical necessities, highlighting their hidden spatiality. In this context, Ankara’s Sincan–Kayaş commuter line, which defines a 37 kilometer-long route within partially-dense urban tissue, is a critical case to contemplate. The line, which was mostly part of the rural landscape in the period when commuter services started, transformed its landscape over time, and has become a principle catalyst in the development of new lands, industrial areas and neighborhoods. The transformation of the lands along the railway line has also altered the line’s relationship to the city. Today, it delineates a seemingly independent route through the areas which it has fosteres, casually producing leftover undefined spaces along its course. This condition, which may be considered problematic in its current form, also presents us with hints of its potential spatiality. The evaluation of the spatiality the line accommodates should be considered as an introductory phase for the re-establishment of an integrated railway within the city’s urban tissue and landscape. Multi-scale interface spaces produced by the co-existence of the railway with the urban tissue it spans, and the forgotten or disregarded relationship between the railway and natural elements like green spaces and water courses along its route are distinctive topics which will be be discussed in the scope of the Sincan–Kayaş commuter line.
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