Many people who inject drugs (PWID) inject when they are alone which increases the risk for drug-related mortality, and the majority of overdose-related deaths occur among solitary users in ...residential environments. Drawing on qualitative data from interviews with 80 PWID in Norway, this study explores the complex practices of solitary injecting. The analysis illustrates that the risk environments in which they participated involved high levels of distress, fear and stigma that made them prefer solitary injecting. This involved a perceived notion of safety from an unpredictable social environment. Stigma was described as causing additional harms and they therefore wanted to hide their drug-using practices. Finally, injecting drug use involved contextual pleasures that were maximised by injecting alone. The study illustrates how the risk environment the PWID inhabited caused additional harms, by which solitary injections was rationalized, despite its increased mortality risks. Future harm-reduction initiatives should reflect this important aspect.
Alcohol use by employees is associated with negative consequences for the workplace in terms of absence and poor work performance. The aims of this study were to map the prevalence of alcohol-related ...absence and inefficiency using survey data from a broad sample of employees, and to explore how alcohol-related absence and presenteeism are experienced and handled using data from qualitative interviews.
The prevalence data stems from a web survey completed by 1940 Norwegian employees aged 20–74 years. The qualitative data consists of analyses of 24 interviews with managers, co-workers of heavy drinking employees, and heavy drinking employees, from various lines of businesses.
1–2% reported alcohol-related full day absence in the last 12 months, and 2% reported partial day absence; 11% reported inefficiency due to drinking the previous day. Analyses of interview data revealed that alcohol-related absence and presenteeism may cause a range of economic and practical problems. Managers reported spending a lot of resources and effort on single cases. In addition, the results showed how the presence of a heavy drinking employee may have a negative impact on the broader psychosocial environment, and cause concern for workplace safety. Due to consideration of the drinker's well-being and fear of negative reactions, problem cases can last for years.
Despite the relatively low prevalence of alcohol-related absence and inefficiency, the study suggest that the alcohol-related problems of a few, or only one, employee may still have substantial and far-reaching negative consequences for the workplace.
Drug overdose is an important public health problem. Despite well-known risk factors and various preventive measures, the overdose mortality rate has increased substantially in several countries ...worldwide over the past decade. There is therefore a need to understand overdoses on the basis of how people who inject drugs (PWID) perceive and experience risk. Based on qualitative interviews with 80 PWID recruited from low-threshold settings in Norway, this study explores the complex lived experiences and perceptions of overdose. The qualitative approach is sensitive towards lived experiences and provides new understandings of overdoses. The analysis revealed three types of accounts concerning perceived overdose risk. First, interviewees described death as natural and not frightening, based on perceptions of death as universal, a part of their high-risk lifestyle and their previous overdose experiences. Second, they presented accounts of how they perceived others to be at greater risk of overdose than themselves, in respect of experience, skills and tolerance. Finally, interviewees described an indifference towards death, on a continuum between the wish to live and death as relief from various life challenges. This study illustrates how PWID inhabit drug-using environments which entail a high-risk lifestyle. Faced with these risks, the interviewees presented stories which may serve several functions, such as neutralizing feelings of risk and stigma and gaining a sense of agency and control. They also created symbolic boundaries in order to form positive perceptions of self, by distancing themselves from other stereotypical people who use drugs. The participants additionally expressed an indifference towards overdose death. This may entail that avoiding death, the main rationale of overdose interventions, is viewed with indifference by some PWID. This is important for understanding the complexity of overdose mortality and should be reflected in future harm-reduction initiatives.
Denne artikkelen argumenterer for at en følelses- og affektbasert litteraturdidaktikk kan bidra til en mer aktiv og engasjerende litteraturlesing, i tillegg til å styrke elevens emosjonelle literacy. ...Både i utvalget av pensumtekster og i leserresponsen til elevene burde følelser spille en viktigere rolle. Utvalget av tekster kan baseres på deres affektive ladning, altså hva slags stemninger, følelser og affekter de setter i spill. Med utgangspunkt i Rita Felskis bruksperspektiv på litteratur i Uses of Litterature, påpekes det her at å undervise med utgangspunkt i følelsesmessig gjenkjennelse eller en litterær interaksjon preget av sjokk, er en tilnærming som ikke bare kan oppleves mer relevant for elevene, men som også oppfyller intensjonene med flere elementer i Fagfornyelsen. Artikkelen demonstrerer hvordan man kan arbeide affektbasert med litteratur i klasserommet med utgangspunkt i lesninger av bla. Monica Isakstuens Rase og Yahya Hassans Digte.
Research literature on alcohol and work mainly focuses on the negative consequences for the workplace and colleagues. Nevertheless, drinking alcohol after work is a common activity among co-workers. ...By studying work-related drinking as rituals, the aim of this paper is to explore the social and symbolic meanings of work-related drinking. A total of 24 qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with Norwegian managers (12) and employees (12), aged 30-67 (mean age 45), of whom 10 were female. To ensure both breadth and variety, the interviewees represented multiple business sectors. Despite the fact that the participants had negative experiences of heavy-drinking colleagues, they constructed positive meanings of social drinking after work. The analysis revealed two clusters of narratives. First, alcohol consumption after work was seen as a transition ritual and second, drinking alcohol was used as a way of strengthening group cohesion. As an extension of this, drinking with colleagues contributed to collective experiences that produced shared (drinking) stories. Employees constructed positive understandings of drinking after work. Drinking together was viewed as an investment in colleagues. Thus, drinking together after work could have significant positive outcomes for the work environment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FSPLJ, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Sammendrag Denne artikkelen belyser feltsamtaler som forskningsverktøy. Feltsamtaler er ofte usynlige og underkommunisert i den vitenskapelige litteraturen. Samtalene lar seg vanskelig tallfeste og ...beskrive; de mangler tilsynelatende systematikk og framstår gjerne bare som hverdagslig prat. Med søkelys på konteksten for samtalen og samtalens rammer og regi setter artikkelen feltsamtalen inn et kvalitativt metodeunivers. Feltsamtalen plasserer vi i et kontinuum mellom det kvalitative intervjuet på den ene siden og alminnelig prat mellom forsker og informant på den andre. Ved hjelp av eksempler fra vår egen empiriske forskning diskuterer vi feltsamtalenes bidrag som datainnsamlingsverktøy. Vi drøfter hvilken kunnskap feltsamtaler kan gi oss, hvordan den skiller seg fra intervjuet, og hva som kan være feltsamtalens styrker og svakheter. Til slutt diskuterer vi etiske problemstillinger ved bruk av feltsamtaler som forskningsverktøy. Hensikten er å belyse hvordan vi kan utnytte de rommene der forsker og deltaker møtes. Artikkelen konkluderer med at feltsamtaler er et nødvendig og viktig redskap i samfunnsforskerens redskapsskuff, og at samtalens status bør oppgraderes.
Policing is permeated by situations in which discretion is most important. A substantial part of police work in the nightlife setting involves management of drunk and disorderly patrons, and police ...officers operate with considerable discretion. The aim of this paper is to explore patterns of decision-making and to identify factors that influence an officer's use of discretion in nightlife settings. The data were collected during fieldwork with patrolling police on weekend nights in Oslo and from interviews with police officers. This study provides an insight into the everyday work of police officers in Oslo. The officers mostly manage a number of minor incidents, such as disorderly behaviour and alcohol-related trivialities. Police officers generally ignore many minor incidents and seek to resolve cases in the easiest way possible, which implies under-enforcement of the law. Discretionary assessments depend on situational variables, system variables and offender variables. This paper reveals the importance of these variables and argues that we need to include officer variables as well to get a fuller picture of street-level police officers' decision-making. Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats describes how discretionary assessments are based on human judgement, personal decisions and normative choices. Similarly, police officer characteristics involving individual norms and moral beliefs are an important part of discretionary decision-making.
Aims
To address characteristics of drinking establishments, bartenders and patrons that may affect the likelihood of over‐serving.
Design
A systematic examination of 425 purchase attempts with ...pseudo‐intoxicated patrons enacting scripts that, according to the law, should lead to the denial of alcohol sales.
Setting and Participants
Drinking establishments in the three largest cities in Norway (Trondheim, Bergen and Oslo) were visited by male and female actors aged 20–30 years on weekend nights, with a total of 425 purchase items.
Measurements
Over‐serving was recorded when the pseudo‐intoxicated patron was served alcohol. Characteristics of the drinking establishment, the bartender and the pseudo‐intoxicated patron were recorded systematically.
Results
Pseudo‐intoxicated patrons were served in 347 of 425 purchase attempts (82%). In bivariate analyses, the over‐serving rate increased with venue characteristics, music/noise level and intoxication level among patrons. These factors were intercorrelated and correlated with poor lighting. The over‐serving rate was also higher when the pseudo‐intoxicated patron was female and when the purchase attempt occurred after midnight. In multi‐variate analyses, two factors increased the likelihood of over‐serving significantly: a high problematic bar indicator score (poor lighting, high music/noise level and high intoxication level among patrons) adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 3.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.9, 6.4 and female gender of pseudo‐intoxicated patrons (adjusted OR = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4, 4.7). The rate of over‐serving was 95% when both risk factors were present and 67% when both factors were absent.
Conclusions
In urban settings in Norway, it is likely that over‐serving occurs frequently, and is increased by the risk factors of poor lighting, loud music and high intoxication level among patrons.
Artikkelen gjør en gjenvisitt til Yngvar Løchens studie av idealer og realiteter på et psykiatrisk sykehus, og fokuserer på hva som skjer når hjelpernes idealer møter realiteten på Dikemark ...asylmottak. Studien bygger på feltarbeid på mottaket der frivillige psykologer arrangerer samtalegrupper med beboere for å bedre deres psykososiale helse. Dataene består av observasjon, feltsamtaler og kvalitative dybdeintervjuer. Hjelperne starter med et terapeutisk ideal og et godhetsideal. Mange utfordringer venter når hjelpere med to tomme hender møter mennesker som har mistet alt. Rammebetingelsene på asylmottaket snevrer inn hjelpernes handlingsrom, og det terapeutiske idealet må vike for godhetsidealet. I samhandlingen må både hjelpere og beboere justere sine roller og forventninger før de finner frem til en felles definisjon av samhandlingsrelasjonen.
IntroductionRecreational drug use in the nightlife setting carries the risk of many negative consequences, such as violence, injuries, aberrant driving and sexual risk-taking. The aim of this study ...is to investigate recreational drug use and user characteristics among people visiting licensed premises, for example, nightclubs and bars, by using self-reports and biological markers. Staff of licensed premises will be asked to report drug use observations. Further, by using qualitative data, we will examine the motives, consequences and culture associated with recreational drug use. An additional aim is to compare self-reported drug use with oral fluid test (OFT) results in order to validate the different measurement methods in this context.Methods and analysesData collection will be conducted among patrons (n=1000) outside licensed premises. On consent, patrons will be asked to anonymously complete a questionnaire, a breath alcohol concentration test and an OFT. Patrons who report use of recreational drugs in the previous 12 months will be asked to leave their contact information for a subsequent qualitative in-depth interview (n=30–40). Staff from licensed premises (n=500) will be invited during Responsible Beverage Service Training to participate in an anonymous survey. Survey data will be analysed by univariate and multivariate statistical methods and the oral fluids will be analysed for a large number of drugs using biochemical methods. Cohen's κ will be used as a measure of agreement between self-reported drug use and OFT. In-depth interviews will be coded in HyperRESEARCH and analysed using an inductive approach. Data collection will be repeated on a biannual basis until at least 2020, allowing for examination of trends in recreational drug use.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Regional Committee for Medical and Health Research Ethics. Results will be disseminated in research journals, conferences and the media.
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