China and Maritime Europe, 1500–1800 looks at early modern China in some of its most complicated and intriguing relations with a world of increasing global interconnection. New World silver, Chinese ...tea, Jesuit astronomers at the Chinese court, and merchants and marauders of all kinds play important roles here. Although pieces of these stories have been told before, these chapters provide the fullest and clearest available summaries, based on sources in Chinese and in European languages, making this information accessible to students and scholars interested in the growing connections among continents and civilizations in the early modern period.
This article describes how family therapists can routinely address the important, but often overlooked, issue of how some children may play parental roles in families. In some situations such as ...inadequate or absent parenting, a child is drawn into the parental subsystem and becomes identified as a ‘little parent’ in a process known as parentification. As well as gaining competence in caring, this experience may also become destructive to children in a number of ways. This includes loss of childhood and, as children are unable to fulfil the parental role adequately, low self‐esteem, depression and other symptoms. The concept of family attachment scripts is used to understand the implications of a child crossing adult/child boundaries which can lead to looking after parents and siblings. Family therapy techniques help to redress the role reversal and enable the parents to take appropriate responsibility in the family. Work also focuses on how to prevent transmission of parentification down the generations. Therapists have often been parental children. How this can influence their work is illustrated by a specific case.
Estimating mineral reactive surface areas in geologic media remains one of the key challenges limiting the accuracy of reactive transport modeling (RTM) predictions of subsurface processes, ...particularly those controlling the fate of carbon dioxide (CO2) during geologic storage. Although there have been numerous attempts to combine imaging and experimental techniques to estimate mineral reactive surface area for use in RTM predictions of geologic CO2 storage, these techniques have yet to be adapted to basaltic reservoirs, which have pore structure, mineralogy, and chemical composition that is unique compared to their more often-studied sedimentary counterparts. Here, we address this issue by quantifying fluid-accessible mineral surface areas through image analysis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) backscatter electron images (high-resolution 500 nm/pixel) and Raman spectroscopic mapping of a basaltic rock sample from the Eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. To evaluate whether the determined pore fluid-accessible mineral surface area accurately reflects reactive surface area, a micro-continuum scale RTM was developed and compared with a high-temperature, high-pressure flow-through CO2 mineralization experiment conducted on the characterized basalt. Importantly, simulations employing the image-derived pore fluid-accessible mineral surface areas match the experimental effluent chemistry well within uncertainties. These mineral surface areas were then used to parametrize a field-scale model representative of the Cascadia basin, Northeastern Pacific, to evaluate impacts of surface area variations on mineral carbonation. Simulations were carried out using variations in image-derived surface areas that cover one to two orders of magnitude increase and decrease in surface area, analogous to previously reported magnitudes of difference between total and reactive surface areas. Carbonation efficiency in terms of CO2 volume mineralized over the simulated period was tracked and compared. Simulations with surface area increased and decreased by two orders of magnitude show basalt carbonation efficiency that is three times faster and six times slower, respectively, than predictions with image-derived mineral surface area. These sensitivity analyses demonstrate that accurate quantification of mineral surface area is crucial for efforts to predict CO2 mineralization, and that efforts such as those employed here can dramatically reduce the uncertainty of field-scale predictions of basalt carbonation.
This paper's aim is to enable family therapists from whatever approach to address family attachments during their work. It explores the role of attachment in the family, and how to enable therapists ...to increase security in the family so that family members can solve their own problems during and after therapy. The article gives a brief overview of the nature of family attachment relationships and the influence of secure and insecure attachments within the family and their narrative styles. This is described in language that a therapist might readily hold in mind and share the ideas in dialogue with families. The paper discusses the interplay between insecure attachments and other family problems, such as parental conflict and disagreements over authority. It also discusses ways of establishing a secure therapeutic base and the influence of the therapist's own attachment style. The implications for family therapy practice are described and illustrated by work with a specific family.
In this article, I will explore how parentfication, in which children take on parental roles, develops within the context of insecure attachments. I argue that parentification is more prevalent than ...is generally supposed. Adaptive parentfication is differentiated from destructive parentification, which is associated with a range of childhood problems. In this article, attachment theory is placed within a family systems framework and family concepts are described, such as a secure family base and family scripts, which can help to understand parentification. The ways in which two attachment relationships—insecure/ambivalent and insecure/controlling—contribute to parentification processes are delineated. Transgenerational patterns are discussed. Family therapy can provide a preventive intervention aimed at reducing current parentification and interrupting transgenerational transmission. A central aim is to reduce the need for a parent to turn to a child for care. To this end, work can be done to resolve conflicts between parents, thus freeing them to provide sufficient mutual support to each other. Children need to be detriangulated from the parental relationship. Working with transgenerational patterns, including work with grandparents, is recommended. Therapy with a family with a preschool child illustrates these issues as well as the prevention of the establishment of destructive parentification.
Part of the Tavistock Clinic Series, this book focuses on narrative and stories in Family Systems Therapy - particularly on how stories develop within the domain of a therapist's own theoretical, ...clinical and professional contexts. The aim is to allow the reader to understand the uses of stories in family therapy.
This book offers a comprehensive overview of issues related to narrative which appear in a family therapy setting. Originally embarking on a joint project to share clinical experience, members of the Family Systems Group at the Tavistock Clinic discovered that what was common in their work was their emphasis on narrative. This discovery led in time to the development of a shared discourse about their diverse approaches to narrative which are carefully reflected in the contributions in this volume.
Part One sets out the context of narrative with contributions on bilingualism and the family's experience of therapy, ending with a thought provoking critique of narrative. Part Two concentrates on applications of these ideas, providing analysis of multiple narratives in illness and loss, gender and language, neonatal care, adoption, divorce, and refugee families.
The aim of this article is to make attachment research findings available in a form that family therapists can use. In attachment theory, parents are conceptualized as providing a secure base from ...which a child can explore. Family therapists, however, need a systemic concept that goes beyond the parent/child dyad. The concept of a secure family base is proposed, in which a network of care is made available for all family members of whatever age so that all family members feel secure enough to explore, in the knowledge that support is available if needed. Factors that contribute to the security or insecurity of the family base are outlined. The overall aim of therapy is to establish a secure family base from which the family can explore new solutions to family problems both during and after therapy. The role of the therapist is to help to resolve conflicts that threaten relationships, and to explore relevant belief systems that may be contributing to a sense of insecurity. The conceptual framework presented allows for an integration of family therapy techniques and ideas into a coherent whole. A new school of family therapy is not proposed.
All families have attachments; some may be secure, others insecure, and family and marital therapists inevitably have to relate to these. This paper discusses ways in which the therapist can ...establish a temporary secure base within therapy, which helps families to feel safe enough to explore new ways of relating. The overall aim is to help them to create a more secure family or couple base at home, from which they can explore new solutions during and after therapy. A new school of therapy is not proposed as therapists can also use their own approaches when a secure therapeutic base is established.
Responds to Murdoch C. MacKenzie's "Nurturing Citizens: Secure Attachment and Democratic Citizenship" (2002). MacKenzie argues that secure attachment prepares a child to become a responsible & ...participating citizen since family life helps the child to trust the outside world. Here, MacKenzie's ideas are built on by exploring how specific family styles might encourage or discourage political attitudes. Secure families hold beliefs about the importance of mutual acceptance & are able to be realistic about good & bad behavior in light of ideals not yet reached. The author argues that the traditional right-wing emphasis on independence & the left-wing belief in mutual support are related to family attachment patterns. Pertinent subjects such as leadership, the role of information technology in the home, & consequences of nonvoting behavior are explored. 16 References. L. A. Hoffman
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