The deposition and manipulation of human remains in natural caves are well known for the Neolithic of Southern Iberia. The cultural meaning of these practices is however still largely unclear. Cueva ...de los Marmoles (CM, Priego-Córdoba) is one of the most important cave contexts from Southern Spain, which returned a large number of commingled skeletal remains suggesting its funerary use from the Neolithic to the Late Bronze Age. Here we discuss CM from a chronological and cultural perspective based on new radiocarbon, anthropological, and taphonomic analyses. These include the estimation of the minimum number of individuals, the exploration of fragmentation patterns characterizing different skeletal regions, and the macroscopic and microscopic analysis of modifications to the remains of possible anthropic origin. Radiocarbon data point to a funerary use of CM between the 5
th
-2
nd
millennium cal. BCE. MNI estimates reveal the presence of at least 12 individuals (seven adults and five nonadults). The low representation of elements from hands and feet suggests that individuals were placed in the cave while partially decomposed. Anthropic traces on the remains (e.g. fresh fractures, marrow canal modifications, and scraping marks) hint at their intentional fragmentation, cleaning from residual soft tissues, and in some cases reutilization. These practices are well-exemplified by the recovery of one "skull cup" and of two long bones used as tools. These data align with those from other cave contexts from the same geographic region, suggesting the presence, especially during the Neolithic period, of shared ideologies centered on the human body.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The megalithic cluster of the Gor River valley (Andalusia, Spain) is one of the biggest dolmenic groups in Europe, made up of 151 preserved megaliths. In spite of this high number of known monuments, ...increasing loss and destruction of many of the graves has taken place during the last decades due to enormous soil erosion and anthropogenic activities. With the aim of recording the location of these lost megaliths, Digital Terrain Models and LiDAR data have been used to analyse the terrain showing a high quantity of structures that seem similar to those actually documented in the zone but that were not noticed until now. These possible new burial mounds have been tested by archaeological surface survey, choosing three contrasting areas as samples. Results have shown a high success rate for this methodology, even allowing the discovery of new megalithic graves in heavily researched areas. We interpret the likely higher number of burial mounds in the area to indicate greater territorial control in boundary areas between 4th and 3rd millennium BC.
Refinement is one of the ethical pillars of the use of animals in research. Ultrasonography is currently used in human medicine as a surgical tool for guided biopsies and this idea can be applied to ...preclinical research thanks to the development of specific instruments. This will eliminate the necessity of a surgical opening for implanting cells in specific organs or taking samples from tissues. The approach for the injection will depend on the target but most of the case is going to be lateral, with the probe in a ventral position and the needle going into from the lateral. This is the situation for the thyroid gland, heart, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, uterus, and testicles. Other approaches, such as the dorsal, can be used in the spleen or kidney. The maximum injected volume will depend on the size of the structure. For biopsies, the technical protocol is similar to the injection knowing that in big organs such as the liver, spleen, or kidney we can take several samples moving slightly the needle inside the structure. In all cases, animals must be anesthetized and minimum pain management is required after the intervention.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In 2014 due to the projected layout of the Madrid – Jaén high-speed railway line, a preventive archaeological intervention was carried out on a hill near the Guadalbullón riverbed within the farmland ...of Grañena Baja (Jaén). During the work, a multi-sequential Late Prehistory occupation, starting from the mid-5th millennium and reaching the end of the 3rd millennium, was documented. The phase corresponding to the last quarter of the 4th and the beginning of the 3rd millennium Cal BC stands out for the presence of circular features containing complete or partial human and domestic animal skeletal remains, in some cases, clearly related. The isotopic values of human collagen are relatively homogeneous (?15N = 9.0 ± 0.6; ?13C = -18.9 ± 0.4) and consistent with a diet based on proteins of animal origin.
El presente trabajo estudia de manera exhaustiva y sistemática el complejo cerámico de las fases 20 y 21 del poblado prehistórico de Los Castillejos en Las Peñas de los Gitanos (Montefrío, Granada), ...recuperado de las excavaciones realizadas entre 1991 y 1994. Dichas fases se adscriben cronológicamente al Cobre Tardío (2600-2400 a. C.), caracterizado por la intensificación de ciertas dinámicas económicas y sociales así como por la irrupción del llamado fenómeno campaniforme en la península ibérica. A través del empleo de una metodología que pasa por el estudio tecnológico de las pastas mediante estereomicroscopio y análisis mineralógico (DRX), la elaboración de una tipología y el estudio de la decoración de las muestras, se han podido detectar continuidades y discontinuidades en las tradiciones alfareras. Los cambios detectados a nivel tecnológico coinciden con otros atestiguados en el ámbito del consumo y del paleoambiente, dando cuenta de una posible y marcada época de transformaciones sociales y económicas a finales del III milenio a. C.
During the Bronze Age, in many Western Mediterranean areas (Spain, France, Italian peninsula, islands), we can observe the development of a series of fortified centers and structures, often on high ...places, aimed to the defense of strategic locations and resources. These fortifications, which began to be built from the Copper Age, are the answer to a need for possession and control of the territory linked to a greater degree of social complexity, with an ever-increasing hierarchy and the rise to power of persons or groups who very often show the possession of weapons and, consequently, can be related to warlike activities. In Sardinia, Nuragic phenomenon developed during Protohistoy: an extraordinary culture ranging from the Middle to Late Bronze Age (XVIII-XII centuries BC), some of whose features could last from Final Bronze Age until the beginnings of Iron Age (XI-VIII centuries BC), characterized by the building of great monuments, especially nuraghi, cyclopean-type constructions similar to towers. These great buildings have multiple functions, but in particular were used to surveil the whole island territory. We have mainly carried out different GIS analyzes on different sample areas with the aim to reading the visual-perceptive aspects and to try to research about the relationship between settlements and territory and the mobility systems across different territories through the applying of the least-cost path analysis. Reconstruction of certain characteristics of Sardinian Protohistoric Landscape in these areas is achieved. GIS-based analysis show how these territorial control systems, consisting of several nuraghi and settlements, were intended to control the most important natural and economic resources and transit routes.
Abstract
Introduction: Cancer is a rapidly evolving, multifactorial disease that accumulates numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations. This results in phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity within ...the tumor, the complexity of which is further amplified through specific interactions between cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. In this context, cancer may be perceived as an “ecomolecular” disease that involves cooperation between several neoplastic clones and their interactions with other cell types and secreted factors present in the microenvironment. Cancer is therefore analogous to complex ecosystems such as microbial consortia. We are currently aiming at dissecting the molecular mechanisms underlying the cooperation between different clones.
Methods: We produced clonal cell lines derived from the MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, using UbC-StarTrack system, which allows tracking of multiple clones by color. The characteristics of each clone were determined by measuring migration, proliferation and metabolic activity. In vivo analysis by orthotopic breast injection and intravascular tail vein injection was performed to assess the tumorigenic capacity of these clones. We studied potential collaborations between clones by determining the influence of secreted factors on growth rate of different clones by medium complementation with supernatant or exosomes from different clones. In vivo, we used zebrafish as a model system to study the migration of individually or co-injected clones.
Results: Characterization of these clones in vitro revealed clear differences in proliferation, cell metabolic activity and morphology among them. In vivo, all the individually injected clones were able to form tumors but the growth rates differed among them. Injection of an equal mix of clones led to the formation of tumors where some clones displayed a growth or survival advantage. In vitro the complementation of growth medium with medium from other clone increased the proliferation rate of the other clones. Co-injection of clones in zebrafish increased the efficiency of migration.
Conclusions: These results confirm that even in stable cell lines heterogeneity is present. Malignant properties were enhanced when some clones were combined or treated with exosomes or medium from other clones. These results clearly support our hypothesis that tumor clones cooperate in cancer progression and that this cooperation is mediated by secreted factors. Finally, we are performing expression arrays of mRNA, microRNas and lncRNAs and determining epigenetic state by methylation arrays, in order to identify potential factors that are differentially expressed among clones and are therefore bona fide candidates for clonal cooperation promoting factors. It is anticipated that this knowledge will facilitate the design of new and more effective therapeutic approaches that are directed to the tumor ecosystem as a sum of different clones.
Citation Format: Ana Martín-Pardillos, Angeles Valls-Chiva, Eva Bejar Serrano, Roberto Piñeiro Cid, Pablo Hurtado Blanco, Angel Días-Lagares, María Magdalena Castro, Juan Antonio Juan Antonio Cámara Serrano, Santiago Ramon y Cajal. Clonal cooperation in cancer progression: A new paradigm in cancer abstract. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2183.
We present here the results of the analyses (morphotiphological, technical and traceological) carried out on the assemblage of artefacts manufactured using vertebrate animal hard tissues from Los ...Castillejos in Las Peñas de los Gitanos site (Montefrío, Granada, Spain). Five categories have been established (tools, ornaments, idols, others and indeterminate items), which have been further divided into groups, subgroups and types. By traceology we have mainly identified the last stages of manufacturing and repair processes and, also by the association among certain items, has been proposed the relationship with the textile activity for laminar awls and needles, belonging to the Chalcolithic period. Keywords: Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Andalusia, Bone Industry, Techno-typological Analysis 1.INTRODUCCIÓN El poblado de Los Castillejos se encuentra en un macizo kárstico denominado Las Peñas de los Gitanos, situado en el municipio de Montefrío en la provincia de Granada, a unos 35 km al NO de la capital.
Recientes investigaciones en el yacimiento calcolítico de Los Millares, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Almería, han permitido reconocer diferentes representaciones figurativas asociadas a la muralla más ...exterior o Muralla I, construida en torno a 2900 cal AC. La erección de esta muralla supuso una importante ampliación del poblado al ocupar zonas anteriormente destinadas a necrópolis. Se propone que algunos elementos pertenecientes al área de necrópolis fueron respetados y reutilizados para justificar, a través de los ancestros, la capacidad de acceder al asentamiento a través de la puerta principal –con la estatua-menhir situada junto a esta–, la exclusión de aquellos no vinculados –con todas las representaciones en ambos extremos de la muralla–, la integración de nuevas poblaciones –con la Tumba 63 incluida en el trazado de la muralla–, el rol de determinados personajes –con la estatua-menhir y la estela de la Tumba 63– y, en definitiva, los derechos a ocupar y explotar un territorio. Se señala además la relación de estos procesos con los identificados tradicionalmente en las tumbas de la necrópolis.
This study offers a classification of 106 megalithic stone masonry passage graves forming part of the Los Millares archaeological complex characterised by circular chambers. The study has employed a ...statistical method implementing the OneR, JRip and Part classification algorithms as well as multivariate analyses. The research yielded four groups: large tombs capped with flat roofs, small tombs covered by false domes, and two types of medium-large tombs capped either by flat or false-domes that can be distinguished according to the angles of their chambers walls and the presence of construction reinforcements, including the number of stone retainer rings walls serving to brace the thrust.
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