The spin structure of the nucleon Aidala, Christine A.; Bass, Steven D.; Hasch, Delia ...
Reviews of modern physics,
06/2013, Letnik:
85, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
This article reviews our present understanding of QCD spin physics: the proton spin puzzle and new developments aimed at understanding the transverse structure of the nucleon. Present experimental ...investigations of the nucleon's internal spin structure, the theoretical interpretation of the different measurements, and the open questions and challenges for future investigation are discussed.
QCD factorization and quantum mechanics Aidala, C A; Rogers, T C
Philosophical transactions - Royal Society. Mathematical, Physical and engineering sciences/Philosophical transactions - Royal Society. Mathematical, physical and engineering sciences,
02/2022, Letnik:
380, Številka:
2216
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
It is unusual to find quantum chromodynamics (QCD) factorization explained in the language of quantum information science. However, we will discuss how the issue of factorization and its breaking in ...high-energy QCD processes relates to phenomena like decoherence and entanglement. We will elaborate with several examples and explain them in terms familiar from basic quantum mechanics and quantum information science. This article is part of the theme issue 'Quantum technologies in particle physics'.
Solenoid Siberian snakes have successfully maintained polarization in particle rings below 1 GeV, but never in multi-GeV rings, because the spin rotation by a solenoid is inversely proportional to ...the beam momentum. High energy rings, such as Brookhaven’s 255 GeV Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), use only odd multiples of pairs of transverse B-field Siberian snakes directly opposite each other. When it became impractical to use a pair of Siberian Snakes in Fermilab’s 120GeV/c Main Injector, we searched for a new type of single Siberian snake that could overcome all depolarizing resonances in the 8.9–120GeV/c range. We found that a snake made of one 4-twist helix and 2 dipoles could maintain the polarization. This snake design could solve the long-standing problem of significant polarization loss during acceleration of polarized protons from a few GeV to tens of GeV, such as in the AGS, before injecting them into multi-hundred GeV rings, such as RHIC.
The super Pioneering High Energy Nuclear Interaction eXperiment (sPHENIX) at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider will perform high-precision measurements of jets and heavy flavor observables for a ...wide selection of nuclear collision systems, elucidating the microscopic nature of strongly interacting matter ranging from nucleons to the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma. A prototype of the sPHENIX calorimeter system was tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility as experiment T-1044 in the spring of 2016. The electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) prototype is composed of scintillating fibers embedded in a mixture of tungsten powder and epoxy. The hadronic calorimeter (HCal) prototype is composed of tilted steel plates alternating with the plastic scintillator. Results of the test beam reveal the energy resolution for electrons in the EMCal is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">2.8\%\oplus 15.5\%/\sqrt {E} </tex-math></inline-formula> and the energy resolution for hadrons in the combined EMCal plus HCal system is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">13.5\%\oplus 64.9\%/\sqrt {E} </tex-math></inline-formula>. These results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed calorimeter system satisfies the sPHENIX specifications.
Abstract
All experiments observing dilepton pairs (e.g.
e
+
e
-
,
μ
+
μ
-
) must confront the existence of a
combinatoric
background caused by the combining of tracks not arising from the
same ...physics vertex. Some method must be devised to calculate and
remove this background. In this document we describe a particular
event-mixing method relying on many of the unique aspects of the
SeaQuest spectrometer and data. The method described here
calculates the combinatoric background with correct normalization;
i.e., there is no need to assign a floating normalization factor
that is then determined in a subsequent fitting procedure. Numerous
tests are applied to demonstrate the reliability of the method.
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the next lepton collider beyond a
Higgs factory would require center-of-mass energy of the order of up
to 15 TeV. Since, given reasonable space and cost ...restrictions,
conventional accelerator technology reaches its limits near this
energy, high-gradient advanced acceleration concepts are
attractive. Advanced and novel accelerators (ANAs) are leading
candidates due to their ability to produce acceleration gradients on
the order of 1–100 GV/m, leading to compact acceleration
facilities. However, intermediate energy facilities (IEF) are
required to test the critical technology elements on the way towards
multi-TeV-class collliders. Here a science case for a 20–100 GeV
center-of-mass energy ANA-based lepton collider that can be a
candidate for an intermediate energy facility is presented. The IEF
can provide numerous opportunities for high energy physics studies
including precision Quantum Chromodynamics and Beyond the Standard
Model physics measurements, investigation of charged particle
interactions with extreme electromagnetic fields, and exploring muon
and proton beam acceleration. Possible applications of this collider
include the studies of γγ and electron beam-fixed
target/beamdump collider designs. Thus, the goal of the proposed IEF
is to both carry out particle physics measurements in the
20-100 GeV ranges as well as to serve as an ANA demonstrator
facility.
sPHENIX is a new experiment under construction for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory which will study the quark-gluon plasma to further the understanding of ...quantum chromodynamics (QCP) matter and interactions. A prototype of the sPHENIX electromagnetic calorimeter (EMCal) was tested at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility in Spring 2018 as experiment T-1044. The EMCal prototype corresponds to a solid angle of <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\Delta \eta \times \Delta \phi = 0.2 \times 0.2 </tex-math></inline-formula> centered at pseudo-rapidity <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\eta = 1 </tex-math></inline-formula>. The prototype consists of scintillating fibers embedded in a mix of tungsten powder and epoxy. The fibers project back approximately to the center of the sPHENIX detector, giving 2-D projectivity. The energy response of the EMCal prototype was studied as a function of position and input energy. The energy resolution of the EMCal prototype was obtained after applying a position-dependent energy correction and a beam profile correction. Two separate position-dependent corrections were considered. The EMCal energy resolution was found to be <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\sigma (E)/\langle E\rangle = 3.5(0.1) \oplus 13.3(0.2)/\sqrt {E} </tex-math></inline-formula> based on the hodoscope position-dependent correction, and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\sigma (E)/\langle E\rangle = 3.0(0.1) \oplus 15.4(0.3)/\sqrt {E} </tex-math></inline-formula> based on the cluster position-dependent correction. These energy resolution results meet the requirements of the sPHENIX physics program.
In the QCD evolution of transverse momentum dependent parten distribution and fragmentation functions, the Collins-Soper evolution kernel includes both a perturbative short-distance contribution and ...a large-distance nonperturbative, but strongly universal, contribution. In the past, global fits, based mainly on larger Q Drell-Yan-like processes, have found substantial contributions from nonperturbative regions in the Collins-Soper evolution kernel. In this article, we investigate semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering measurements in the region of relatively small Q, of the order of a few GeV, where sensitivity to nonperturbative transverse momentum dependence may become more important or even dominate the evolution. Using recently available deep inelastic scattering data from the COMPASS experiment, we provide estimates of the regions of coordinate space that dominate in transverse momentum dependent (TMD) processes when the hard scale is of the order of only a few GeV. We find that distance scales that are much larger than those commonly probed in large Q measurements become important, suggesting that the details of nonperturbative effects in TMD evolution are especially significant in the region of intermediate Q. We highlight the strongly universal nature of the nonperturbative component of evolution and its potential to be tightly constrained by fits from a wide variety of observables that include both large and moderate Q. On this basis, we recommend detailed treatments of the nonperturbative component of the Collins-Soper evolution kernel for future TMD studies.
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