Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) is empirically implemented in horses with colitis to facilitate resolution of diarrhea. The purpose of this study was to assess FMT as a clinical treatment and ...modulator of fecal microbiota in hospitalized horses with colitis.
A total of 22 horses with moderate to severe diarrhea, consistent with a diagnosis of colitis, were enrolled at two referral hospitals (L1: n = 12; L2: n = 10). FMT was performed in all 12 patients on 3 consecutive days at L1, while treatment at L2 consisted of standard care without FMT. Manure was collected once daily for 4 days from the rectum in all colitis horses, prior to FMT for horses at L1, and from each manure sample used for FMT. Fecal samples from 10 clinically healthy control horses housed at L2, and 30 healthy horses located at 5 barns in regional proximity to L1 were also obtained to characterize the regional healthy equine microbiome. All fecal microbiota were analyzed using 16S amplicon sequencing.
As expected, healthy horses at both locations showed a greater α-diversity and lower β-diversity compared to horses with colitis. The fecal microbiome of healthy horses clustered by location, with L1 horses showing a higher prevalence of Kiritimatiellaeota. Improved manure consistency (lower diarrhea score) was associated with a greater α-diversity in horses with colitis at both locations (L1: r = -0.385, P = 0.006; L2: r = -0.479, P = 0.002). Fecal transplant recipients demonstrated a greater overall reduction in diarrhea score (median: 4±3 grades), compared to untreated horses (median: 1.5±3 grades, P = 0.021), with a higher incidence in day-over-day improvement in diarrhea (22/36 (61%) vs. 10/28 (36%) instances, P = 0.011). When comparing microbiota of diseased horses at study conclusion to that of healthy controls, FMT-treated horses showed a lower mean UniFrac distance (0.53±0.27) than untreated horses (0.62±0.26, P<0.001), indicating greater normalization of the microbiome in FMT-treated patients.
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Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The deformation mechanisms and mechanical properties of Fe-Mn-C-Al twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with a chemical composition range of 12–18wt% Mn and 0–3wt% Al, are reviewed. The in-depth ...microstructural analysis revealed that all the investigated TWIP steels exhibit deformation twinning as the main deformation mechanism in addition to dislocation glide. The Al-free TWIP steels have a much more complex deformation behavior than the Al-added TWIP steels. The deformation of Fe-15Mn-0.6C steel is accompanied by the formation of a very small amount of strain-induced ε martensite, in addition to deformation twinning. Deformation of Fe-12Mn-0.6C steel is accompanied by several deformation mechanisms which are simultaneously activated: strain-induced ε martensite, formation of shear bands and strain-induced α′ martensite, in addition to deformation twinning. The upper limit for the value of SFE for strain-induced martensitic transformation is determined to be approximately 13mJ/m2. The results confirm that the SFE is the key parameters affecting the strength and the ductility of TWIP steel. A linear relation between the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and the SFE is proposed, with the UTS increasing with decreasing SFE.
Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) processing of medium Mn steel is a new approach to produce formable ultra-high strength steel with a martensite + austenite microstructure. Carbon partitioning from ...martensite into austenite is essential for austenite stabilization during Q&P processing, and substitutional atom partitioning is usually considered not to occur. The present study provides a direct atomic-scale evidence for the partitioning of both interstitial carbon and substitutional Mn and Si, during the Q&P processing of medium Mn steel by means of 3-dimensional atom probe tomography. The experimental results were compared to results of a numerical simulation of the kinetics of carbon, Si and Mn partitioning during Q&P processing assuming an immobile martensite-austenite phase boundary. Both show that short range substitutional alloying element partitioning occurs during the partitioning stage in Q&P processing.
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We report the shape-preserving conversion of self-assembled CaCO
3
microtubes to PbCO
3
and MAPbBr
3
perovskite. The first step induces the growth of cerussite needles on the outer surface. When ...further converted, these hedgehog-like structures become fluorescent. Additional spatial control of the process yields Janus tubes of CaCO
3
and perovskite segments.
We report the shape-preserving conversion of self-assembled CaCO
3
microtubes to PbCO
3
and MAPbBr
3
perovskite.
Abstract
Integration of solid-state microchips into soft-matter, and stretchable printed electronics has been the biggest challenge against their scalable fabrication. We introduce, Pol-Gel, a simple ...technique for self-soldering, self-encapsulation, and self-healing, that allows low cost, scalable, and rapid fabrication of hybrid microchip-integrated ultra-stretchable circuits. After digitally printing the circuit, and placing the microchips, we trigger a Polymer-Gel transition in physically cross-linked block copolymers substrate, and silver liquid metal composite ink, by exposing the circuits to the solvent vapor. Once in the gel state, microchips penetrate to the ink and the substrate (Self-Soldering), and the ink penetrates to the substrate (Self-encapsulation). Maximum strain tolerance of ~1200% for printed stretchable traces, and >500% for chip-integrated soft circuits is achieved, which is 5x higher than the previous works. We demonstrate condensed soft-matter patches and e-textiles with integrated sensors, processors, and wireless communication, and repairing of a fully cut circuits through Pol-Gel.
Nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins of the plant innate immune system are negatively regulated by the miR482/2118 family miRNAs that are in a distinct 22-nt class of miRNAs ...with a double mode of action. First, they cleave the target RNA, as with the canonical 21-nt miRNAs, and second, they trigger secondary siRNA production using the target RNA as a template. Here, we address the extent to which the miR482/2118 family affects expression of NLR mRNAs and disease resistance. We show that structural differences of miR482/2118 family members in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) are functionally significant. The predicted target of the miR482 subfamily is a conserved motif in multiple NLR mRNAs, whereas for miR2118b, it is a noncoding RNA target formed by rearrangement of several different NLR genes. From RNA sequencing and degradome data in lines expressing short tandem target mimic (STTM) RNAs of miR482/2118, we confirm the different targets of these miRNAs. The effect on NLR mRNA accumulation is slight, but nevertheless, the tomato STTM lines display enhanced resistance to infection with the oomycete and bacterial pathogens. These data implicate an RNA cascade of miRNAs and secondary siRNAs in the regulation of NLR RNAs and show that the encoded NLR proteins have a role in quantitative disease resistance in addition to dominant gene resistance that has been well characterized elsewhere. We also illustrate the use of STTM RNA in a biotechnological approach for enhancing quantitative disease resistance in highly bred cultivars.
A model is proposed to predict the room temperature austenite volume fraction as a function of the intercritical annealing temperature for medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steel. The model ...takes into account the influence of the austenite composition on the martensite transformation kinetics and the influence of the intercritical annealing temperature dependence of the austenite grain size on the martensite start temperature. A maximum room temperature austenite volume fraction was obtained at a specific intercritical annealing temperature
T
M
. Ultrafine-grained ferrite and austenite were observed in samples intercritically annealed below the
T
M
temperature. The microstructure contained a large volume fraction of athermal martensite in samples annealed at an intercritical temperature higher than the
T
M
temperature.
Cancer is widely characterized by the sequential acquisition of genetic lesions in a single lineage of cells. Our previous studies have shown that, in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), mutation ...acquisition occurs in functionally normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). These preleukemic HSCs harbor some, but not all, of the mutations found in the leukemic cells. We report here the identification of patterns of mutation acquisition in human AML. Our findings support a model in which mutations in “landscaping” genes, involved in global chromatin changes such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin looping, occur early in the evolution of AML, whereas mutations in “proliferative” genes occur late. Additionally, we analyze the persistence of preleukemic mutations in patients in remission and find CD34+ progenitor cells and various mature cells that harbor preleukemic mutations. These findings indicate that preleukemic HSCs can survive induction chemotherapy, identifying these cells as a reservoir for the reevolution of relapsed disease. Finally, through the study of several cases of relapsed AML, we demonstrate various evolutionary patterns for the generation of relapsed disease and show that some of these patterns are consistent with involvement of preleukemic HSCs. These findings provide key insights into the monitoring of minimal residual disease and the identification of therapeutic targets in human AML.
The knowledge of the phonon coherence length is of great importance for two-dimensional-based materials since phonons can limit the lifetime of charge carriers and heat dissipation. Here we use ...tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) to measure the spatial correlation length L c of the A1g 1 and A1g 2 phonons of monolayer and few-layer gallium sulfide (GaS). The differences in L c values are responsible for different enhancements of the A1g modes, with A1g 1 always enhancing more than the A1g 2, independently of the number of GaS layers. For five layers, the results show an L c of 64 and 47 nm for A1g 1 and A1g 2, respectively, and the coherence lengths decrease when decreasing the number of layers, indicating that scattering with the surface roughness plays an important role.
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