This paper describes a novel idea of a fine-grained fully-active plastic scintillator detector made of many optically independent 1×1×1cm3 cubes with readout on three orthogonal projections by ...wavelength shifting fibers. The original purpose of this detector is to serve as an active neutrino target for the detection, measurement and identification of the final state particles down to a few tenths MeV kinetic energies. The three readout views as well as the fine granularity ensure powerful localization and measurement of the deposited energy combined with good timing properties and isotropic acceptance. The possible application as a new active target for the T2K near detector, initial simulation studies and R&D test results are reported.
The First G-APD Cherenkov Telescope (FACT) is designed to detect cosmic gammarays with energies from several hundred GeV up to about 10 TeV using the Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Technique. In ...contrast to former or existing telescopes, the camera of the FACT telescope is comprised of solid-state Geiger-mode Avalanche Photodiodes (G-APD) instead of photomultiplier tubes for photo detection. It is the first full-scale device of its kind employing this new technology. The telescope is operated at the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (La Palma, Canary Islands, Spain) since fall 2011. This paper describes in detail the design, construction and operation of the system, including hardware and software aspects. Technical experiences gained after one year of operation are discussed and conclusions with regard to future projects are drawn.
The Picosecond Avalanche Detector is a multi-junction silicon pixel detector devised to enable charged-particle tracking with high spatial resolution and picosecond time-stamping capability. A ...proof-of-concept prototype of the PicoAD sensor has been produced by IHP microelectronics. Measurements with a 55Fe X-ray radioactive source show that the prototype is functional with an avalanche gain up to a maximum electron gain of 23.
Abstract
ND280 is a near detector of the T2K experiment which is
located in the J-PARC accelerator complex in Japan. After a decade
of fruitful data-taking, ND280 is scheduled for upgrade. The
...time-of-flight (ToF) detector, which is described in this article,
is one of three new detectors that will be installed in the basket
of ND280. The ToF detector has a modular structure. Each module
represents an array of 20 plastic scintillator bars which are
stacked in a plane of 2.4 × 2.2 m
2
area. Six modules of
similar construction will be assembled in a cube, thus providing an
almost 4π enclosure for an active neutrino target and two TPCs.
The light emitted by scintillator is absorbed by arrays of
large-area silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) which are attached to
both ends of every bar. The readout of SiPMs, shaping and analog
sum of individual SiPM signals within the array are performed by a
discrete circuit amplifier. An average time resolution of about
0.14 ns is achieved for a single bar when measured with cosmic
muons. The detector will be installed in the basket of ND280, where
it will be used to veto particle originating outside the neutrino
target, improve the particle identification and provide a cosmic
trigger for calibration of detectors which are enclosed inside it.
•The production curtailment is integrated in the distribution planning process.•Probabilistic seasons-based models for production are compared to random draws.•The uncertainties are taken into ...account using risk indicators.•Simple abacus shows the interest of curtailment for both the DSO and the producer.•The gap between the curtailment and the reinforcement frontiers is large.
In the coming years, the massive deployment of distributed generation connected to the distribution network may increase the required investments in the network components to prevent voltage and current violations. Generation curtailment may make it possible to defer such investments and to increase the capacity of the distribution network to accommodate new generators. Currently, investment decisions only consider classical upgrade solutions such as the reinforcement of existing assets or the creation of new ones. The valorization of generation curtailment and its integration with the planning method are a major challenge, mainly because of the high level of uncertainties. This paper focuses on the problem of reverse power flows at an HV/MV substation, which may occasionally be larger than its nominal power. We propose a stochastic algorithm, based on real generation and load profiles, to create a decision investment abacus for the Distribution System Operator (DSO). This abacus enables the DSO to simply make a trade-off between an upgrade of the HV/MV substation by adding a transformer and generation curtailment with the associated risk. We also discuss the main terms of the curtailment contract between the stakeholders and their expected efficiency in minimizing the global cost.
Abstract
A monolithic silicon pixel detector prototype has been
produced in the SiGe BiCMOS SG13G2 130 nm node technology by
IHP. The ASIC contains a matrix of hexagonal pixels with pitch of
...approximately 100 μm. Three analog pixels were calibrated in
laboratory with radioactive sources and tested in a 180 GeV/c pion
beamline at the CERN SPS. A detection efficiency of
(99.9
-0.2
+0.1
)% was measured together with a time
resolution of (36.4 ± 0.8) ps at the highest preamplifier bias
current working point of 150 μA and at a sensor bias voltage
of 160 V. The ASIC was also characterized at lower bias voltage and
preamplifier current.
Penetrating particle ANalyzer (PAN) Wu, X.; Ambrosi, G.; Azzarello, P. ...
Advances in space research,
04/2019, Letnik:
63, Številka:
8
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
PAN is a scientific instrument suitable for deep space and interplanetary missions. It can precisely measure and monitor the flux, composition, and direction of highly penetrating particles ...(>∼100 MeV/nucleon) in deep space, over at least one full solar cycle (11 years). The science program of PAN is multi- and cross-disciplinary, covering cosmic ray physics, solar physics, space weather and space travel. PAN will fill an observation gap of galactic cosmic rays in the GeV region, and provide precise information of the spectrum, composition and emission time of energetic particle originated from the Sun. The precise measurement and monitoring of the energetic particles is also a unique contribution to space weather studies. PAN will map the flux and composition of penetrating particles, which cannot be shielded effectively, precisely and continuously, providing valuable input for the assessment of the related health risk, and for the development of an adequate mitigation strategy. PAN has the potential to become a standard on-board instrument for deep space human travel.
PAN is based on the proven detection principle of a magnetic spectrometer, but with novel layout and detection concept. It will adopt advanced particle detection technologies and industrial processes optimized for deep space application. The device will require limited mass (20 kg) and power (20 W) budget. Dipole magnet sectors built from high field permanent magnet Halbach arrays, instrumented in a modular fashion with high resolution silicon strip detectors, allow to reach an energy resolution better than 10% for nuclei from H to Fe at 1 GeV/n. The charge of the particle, from 1 (proton) to 26 (Iron), can be determined by scintillating detectors and silicon strip detectors, with readout ASICs of large dynamic range. Silicon pixel detectors used in a low power setting will maintain the detection capabilities for even the strongest solar events. A fast scintillator with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout will provide timing information to determine the entering direction of the particle, as well as a high rate particle counter. Low noise, low power and high density ASIC will be developed to satisfy the stringent requirement of the position resolution and the power consumption of the tracker.
Abstract
A monolithic silicon pixel prototype produced for the
MONOLITH ERC Advanced project was irradiated with 70 MeV protons up
to a fluence of 1 × 10
16
1 MeV
n
eq
/cm
2
. The ASIC contains a ...matrix of
hexagonal pixels with 100 μm pitch, readout by low-noise and
very fast SiGe HBT frontend electronics. Wafers with 50 μm
thick epilayer with a resistivity of 350 Ωcm were used to
produce a fully depleted sensor. Laboratory tests conducted with a
90
Sr source show that the detector works satisfactorily after
irradiation. The signal-to-noise ratio is not seen to change up to
fluence of 6 × 10
14
n
eq
/cm
2
. The signal
time jitter was estimated as the ratio between the voltage noise and
the signal slope at threshold. At -35°C, sensor bias voltage
of 200 V and frontend power consumption of 0.9 W/cm
2
, the time
jitter of the most-probable signal amplitude was estimated to be
σ
t
90
Sr = 21 ps for proton fluence up to
6 × 10
14
n
eq
/cm
2
and 57 ps at
1 × 10
16
n
eq
/cm
2
. Increasing the sensor
bias to 250 V and the analog voltage of the preamplifier from 1.8
to 2.0 V provides a time jitter of 40 ps at
1 × 10
16
n
eq
/cm
2
.
Abstract
The proof-of-concept prototype of the Picosecond Avalanche
Detector, a multi-PN junction monolithic silicon detector with
continuous gain layer deep in the sensor depleted region, was tested
...with a beam of 180 GeV pions at the CERN SPS. The prototype
features low noise and fast SiGe BiCMOS frontend electronics and
hexagonal pixels with 100 μm pitch. At a sensor bias voltage
of 125 V, the detector provides full efficiency and average time
resolution of 30, 25 and 17 ps in the overall pixel area for a
power consumption of 0.4, 0.9 and 2.7 W/cm
2
, respectively. In
this first prototype the time resolution depends significantly on
the distance from the center of the pixel, varying at the highest
power consumption measured between 13 ps at the center of the pixel
and 25 ps in the inter-pixel region.
Abstract
A second monolithic silicon pixel prototype was produced for
the MONOLITH project. The ASIC contains a matrix of hexagonal pixels
with 100 μm pitch, readout by a low-noise and very fast SiGe ...HBT
frontend electronics. Wafers with 50 μm thick epilayer of
350 Ωcm resistivity were used to produce a fully depleted
sensor. Laboratory and testbeam measurements of the analog channels
present in the pixel matrix show that the sensor has a 130 V wide
bias-voltage operation plateau at which the efficiency is 99.8%.
Although this prototype does not include an internal gain layer, the
design optimised for timing of the sensor and the front-end
electronics provides a time resolutions of 20 ps.
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