The SABRE project and the SABRE Proof-of-Principle Antonello, M.; Barberio, E.; Baroncelli, T. ...
The European physical journal. C, Particles and fields,
04/2019, Letnik:
79, Številka:
4
Journal Article
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SABRE aims to directly measure the annual modulation of the dark matter interaction rate with NaI(Tl) crystals. A modulation compatible with the standard hypothesis, in which our Galaxy is immersed ...in a dark matter halo, has been measured by the DAMA experiment in the same target material. Other direct detection experiments, using different target materials, seem to exclude the interpretation of such modulation in the simplest scenario of WIMP-nucleon elastic scattering. The SABRE experiment aims to carry out an independent search with sufficient sensitivity to confirm or refute the DAMA claim. The goal of the SABRE experiment is to achieve the lowest background rate for a NaI(Tl) experiment (order of 0.1 cpd/kg/keV
ee
in the energy region of interest for dark matter). This challenging goal could be achievable by operating high-purity crystals inside a liquid scintillator veto for active background rejection. In addition, twin detectors will be located in the northern and southern hemispheres to identify possible contributions to the modulation from seasonal or site-related effects. The SABRE project includes an initial Proof-of-Principle phase at LNGS (Italy), to assess the radio-purity of the crystals and the efficiency of the liquid scintillator veto. This paper describes the general concept of SABRE and the expected sensitivity to WIMP annual modulation.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We present here a characterization of the low background NaI(Tl) crystal NaI-33 based on a period of almost one year of data taking (891 kg
×
days exposure) in a detector configuration with no use of ...organic scintillator veto. This remarkably radio-pure crystal already showed a low background in the SABRE Proof-of-Principle (PoP) detector, in the low energy region of interest (1–6 keV) for the search of dark matter interaction via the annual modulation signature. As the vetoable background components, such as
40
K, are here sub-dominant, we reassembled the PoP setup with a fully passive shielding. We upgraded the selection of events based on a Boosted Decision Tree algorithm that rejects most of the PMT-induced noise while retaining scintillation signals with > 90% efficiency in 1–6 keV. We find an average background of 1.39 ± 0.02 counts/day/kg/keV in the region of interest and a spectrum consistent with data previously acquired in the PoP setup, where the external veto background suppression was in place. Our background model indicates that the dominant background component is due to decays of
210
Pb, only partly residing in the crystal itself. The other location of
210
Pb is the reflector foil that wraps the crystal. We now proceed to design the experimental setup for the physics phase of the SABRE North detector, based on an array of similar crystals, using a low radioactivity PTFE reflector and further improving the passive shielding strategy, in compliance with the new safety and environmental requirements of Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We present new results on the radiopurity of a 3.4-kg NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator operated in the SABRE proof-of-principle detector setup. The amount of potassium contamination, determined by the ...direct counting of radioactive 40K, is found to be 2.2 ± 1.5 ppb , lowest ever achieved for NaI(Tl) crystals. With the active veto, the average background rate in the crystal in the 1–6 keV energy region of interest (ROI) is 1.20 ± 0.05 counts / day / kg / keV , which is a breakthrough since the DAMA/LIBRA experiment. Our background model indicates that the rate is dominated by 210Pb and that about half of this contamination is located in the polytetrafluoroethylene reflector. We discuss ongoing developments of the crystal manufacture aimed at the further reduction of the background, including data from purification by zone refining. A projected background rate lower than ∼ 0.2 counts / day / kg / keV in the ROI is within reach. These results represent a benchmark for the development of next-generation NaI(Tl) detector arrays for the direct detection of dark matter particles.
Abstract
We have studied the scintillation of pure and doped sodium
iodide crystals handled in low humidity conditions under external
α and γ excitation from room temperature down to 4 K.
The light ...yield of pure sodium iodide was seen to increase at low
temperatures by a factor 30 compared to room temperature, up to a
maximum of 40 photons/keV under γ excitation at 60 K,
stabilizing to 30 photons/keV at lower temperatures. Thallium doped
sodium iodide fluctuates by 20% around the room temperature value,
stabilizing at 40 photons/keV at low temperature. α/γ
quenching factor stabilizes at roughly 0.7 for both materials
beneath 50 K. Time constants of both materials slow greatly at low
temperature, reaching tens of microseconds. Cryogenic applications
of these materials are complexified by their mechanical fragility
and hygroscopicity.
Neutrons are a particularly dangerous background for direct WIMP dark matter searches; their nuclear recoils with the target nuclei are often indistinguishable from nuclear recoils produced by ...WIMP-nuclear collisions. In this study, we explore the concept of a liquid scintillator neutron veto detector that would allow direct dark matter detectors to potentially reject neutrons with greater than 99% efficiency. Here we outline the construction and testing of a small prototype detector and the potential implications of this technology for future dark matter detectors.
Ultra-pure NaI(Tl) crystals are the key element for a model-independent verification of the long standing DAMA result and a powerful means to search for the annual modulation signature of dark matter ...interactions. The SABRE collaboration has been developing cutting-edge techniques for the reduction of intrinsic backgrounds over several years. In this paper we report the first characterization of a 3.4 kg crystal, named NaI-33, performed in an underground passive shielding setup at LNGS. NaI-33 has a record low
39
K contamination of 4.3 ± 0.2 ppb as determined by mass spectrometry. We measured a light yield of 11.1 ± 0.2 photoelectrons/keV and an energy resolution of 13.2% (FWHM/E) at 59.5 keV. We evaluated the activities of
226
Ra and
228
Th inside the crystal to be
5.9
±
0.6
μ
Bq/kg and
1.6
±
0.3
μ
Bq/kg, respectively, which would indicate a contamination from
238
U and
232
Th at part-per-trillion level. We measured an activity of 0.51 ± 0.02 mBq/kg due to
210
Pb out of equilibrium and a
α
quenching factor of 0.63 ± 0.01 at 5304 keV. We illustrate the analyses techniques developed to reject electronic noise in the lower part of the energy spectrum. A cut-based strategy and a multivariate approach indicated a rate, attributed to the intrinsic radioactivity of the crystal, of
∼
1 count/day/kg/keV in the 5–20 keV region.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Organic liquid scintillators are used in a wide variety of applications in experimental nuclear and particle physics. Boron-loaded scintillators are particularly useful for detecting neutron ...captures, due to the high thermal neutron capture cross section of 10B. These scintillators are commonly used in neutron detectors, including the DarkSide-50 neutron veto, where the neutron may produce a signal when it scatters off protons in the scintillator or when it captures on 10B. Reconstructing the energy of these recoils is complicated by scintillation quenching. Understanding how nuclear recoils are quenched in these scintillators is an important and difficult problem. In this article, we present a set of measurements of neutron-induced proton recoils in a boron-loaded organic liquid scintillator at recoil energies ranging from 57–467 keV, and we compare these measurements to predictions from different quenching models. We find that a modified Birks' model whose denominator is quadratic in dE/dx best describes the measurements, with χ2/NDF=1.6. This result will help model nuclear recoil scintillation in similar detectors and can be used to improve their neutron tagging efficiency.
Borexino is a solar neutrino experiment designed to observe the 0.86
MeV
Be
7
neutrinos emitted in the pp cycle of the sun. Neutrinos will be detected by their elastic scattering on electrons in 100
...ton of liquid scintillator. The neutrino event rate in the scintillator is expected to be low (
∼
0.35
events per day per ton), and the signals will be at energies below 1.5
MeV, where background from natural radioactivity is prominent. Scintillation light produced by the recoil electrons is observed by an array of 2240 photomultiplier tubes. Because of the intrinsic radioactive contaminants in these PMTs, the liquid scintillator is shielded from them by a thick barrier of buffer fluid. A spherical vessel made of thin nylon film contains the scintillator, separating it from the surrounding buffer. The buffer region itself is divided into two concentric shells by a second nylon vessel in order to prevent inward diffusion of radon atoms. The radioactive background requirements for Borexino are challenging to meet, especially for the scintillator and these nylon vessels. Besides meeting requirements for low radioactivity, the nylon vessels must also satisfy requirements for mechanical, optical, and chemical properties. The present paper describes the research and development, construction, and installation of the nylon vessels for the Borexino experiment.
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