Ventilation standards, health, and indoor air quality have not been adequately examined for residential weatherization. This randomized trial showed how ASHRAE 62‐1989 (n=39 houses) and ASHRAE ...62.2‐2010 (n=42 houses) influenced ventilation rates, moisture balance, indoor air quality, and self‐reported physical and mental health outcomes. Average total airflow was nearly twice as high for ASHRAE 62.2‐2010 (79 vs. 39 cfm). Volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and carbon dioxide were all significantly reduced for the newer standard and first‐floor radon was marginally lower, but for the older standard, only formaldehyde significantly decreased. Humidity in the ASHRAE 62.2‐2010 group was only about half that of the ASHRAE 62‐1989 group using the moisture balance metric. Radon was higher in the basement but lower on the first floor for ASHRAE 62.2‐2010. Children in each group had fewer headaches, eczema, and skin allergies after weatherization and adults had improvements in psychological distress. Indoor air quality and health improve when weatherization is accompanied by an ASHRAE residential ventilation standard, and the 2010 ASHRAE standard has greater improvements in certain outcomes compared to the 1989 standard. Weatherization, home repair, and energy conservation projects should use the newer ASHRAE standard to improve indoor air quality and health.
A one-year surveillance project was conducted at a large tertiary hospital, which had extensive indoor renovation and extensive demolition/building at several nearby sites. This study collected ...viable fungi samples in the hospital every six days and analysed 74 duct dust samples for
Aspergillus fumigatus mycelial asp f1 protein. Mean total fungi were 257.8
cfu/m
3 outdoors, 53.2
cfu/m
3 in all indoor samples and 83.5
cfu/m
3 in the bone marrow transplant patient rooms. Mean total aspergillus was 6.8
cfu/m
3 outdoors, 12.1
cfu/m
3 in all indoor samples and 7.3
cfu/m
3 in the bone marrow transplant patient rooms. The five most prevalent
Aspergillus species collected inside the hospital (mean cfu/m
3) were
Aspergillus niger 7.57
cfu/m
3,
Aspergillus candidus 1.72
cfu/m
3,
Aspergillus flavus 0.97
cfu/m
3,
A. fumigatus 0.88
cfu/m
3 and
Aspergillus glaucus 0.45
cfu/m
3. In rooms undergoing duct cleaning, mean
A. fumigatus concentrations were 11.0
cfu/m
3. Forty-eight of 74 (65%) duct dust samples had measurable levels of asp f1 protein, with a mean level of 0.41 ppm and maximum level of 1.94 ppm. Three major incidents involved increased hospital aspergillus concentrations.
A. niger levels reached 680
cfu/m
3 in an organ transplant room after a water leak from a ceiling pipe. Total aspergillus concentrations rose to 77
cfu/m
3 in a bone marrow transplant patient room after improper sealing and water infiltration of the unit’s dedicated high-efficiency particulate air filter system. Total aspergillus levels of 160
cfu/m
3 were recorded in a renovation area during wood cutting. The higher concentrations of aspergillus seen inside the hospital compared with outdoors and the various moisture/HEPA filter/renovation incidents suggest that numerous small to moderate sources of aspergillus exist in the hospital.
The crystal structures are reported of the isomeric compounds 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-one, (I), and ...2-(2-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-one, (II), both C20H14N2O3S, being the para-nitro and ortho-nitro forms, respectively, the meta-form of which is known Yennawar et al. (2013). Acta Cryst. E69, o1679. The six-membered thiazone ring fused with a benzene ring displays a screw-boat conformation with a total puckering amplitude of 0.627 (1) Å in (I), and a near screw-boat conformation with a total puckering amplitude of 0.600 (1) Å in (II). The dihedral angles between the planes of the substituent nitrophenyl and phenyl and rings with the benzene ring of the parent benzothiazone moiety are 75.93 (5) and 82.61 (5)° in (I), and 76.79 (6) and 71.66 (6)° in (II). Weak intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions between aromatic H-atom donors and both a nitro-O atom and a thiazone O-atom acceptor in (I) and a thiazone O atom in (II) are present, forming in (I) a centrosymmetric 22-membered cyclic dimer which is extended through a similar inversion-related 14-membered cyclic hydrogen-bonding association into a zigzag chain structure extending along c. In (II), a single intermolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond gives a chain structure extending along b. In addition, weak C—H...π interactions are present in both structures minimum C...ring-centroid separations = 3.630 (2) and 3.581 (2) Å, respectively.
The primary objective of this study was to determine the coverage of the Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) of the Ministry of Health and the coverage of private vaccines in the Umraniye Health ...District in order to establish approaches for improving vaccination services. Other objectives were to define the areas that present higher risks for non-vaccination and to determine the factors that influence vaccination coverage.
A ‘30×7’ cluster sampling design was adopted as the sampling method. Thirty streets were selected at random from each healthcare region. Sociodemographic and socio-economic characteristics of the population, utilization of vaccination services and vaccination status of children under the age of 5 years were determined by face-to-face interviews. Odds ratios for the sociodemographic and socio-economic characteristics, health centre region and inner country immigration were assessed as possible related factors with the vaccination coverage rates for children under 5 years and under 1 year using the backward elimination method in logistic regression.
Vaccination coverage was as follows: hepatitis B third dose, 84.6%; Bacille Calmette-Guérin, 94.8%; diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DPT) third dose, 90.1%; oral polio virus (OPV) third dose, 90.0%; measles, 88.7%; DPT booster dose, 79.1%; OPV booster dose, 79.0%; measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), 13.3%; haemophilus influenza type b (Hib), 9.3%; and Varicella vaccine, 3.3%. The full vaccination rates for children under 5 years and under 1 year were 68.3 and 79.5%, respectively. Higher socio-economic status was associated with a higher rate of full vaccination and private vaccination for children under 5 years of age.
Full vaccination rates for children aged less than 1 year and less than 5 years were higher in our district than in Istanbul. However, we did not meet the EPI aims for any of the vaccines, and differences were observed in vaccination coverage rates between different socio-economic groups in the district. Therefore, an intervention programme should be considered to achieve the EPI's goals, particularly in socio-economically disadvantaged groups. Also, the coverage of private vaccination (MMR, Hib, Varicella) is low and more children from higher socio-economic groups receive these vaccines.
2,3-Diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-4H-1,3-benzothiazin-4-one Hemant P. Yennawar; Ryan V. Bendinsky; David J. Coyle ...
Acta crystallographica. Section E, Structure reports online,
04/2014, Letnik:
70, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
In the title compound, C20H15NOS, the dihedral angle between the phenyl rings is 74.25 (6)°. The six-membered 1,3-thiazine ring has an envelope conformation with the C atom at the 2-position forming ...the flap. The crystal structure features weak C—H...O interactions, which lead to the formation of a tape motif along 110.
The amygdala plays a central role in the fronto-limbic network involved in the processing of emotions. Structural and functional abnormalities of the amygdala have recently been found in ...schizophrenia, although there are still contradictory results about its reduced or preserved volumes.
In order to address these contradictory findings and to further elucidate the possibly underlying pathophysiological process of the amygdala, we employed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), exploring amygdalar volume and microstructural changes in 69 patients with schizophrenia and 72 matched healthy subjects, relating these indices to psychopathological measures.
Measuring water diffusivity, the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for the right amygdala were found to be significantly greater in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls, with a trend for abnormally reduced volumes. Also, significant correlations between mood symptoms and amygdalar volumes were found in schizophrenia.
We therefore provide evidence that schizophrenia is associated with disrupted tissue organization of the right amygdala, despite partially preserved size, which may ultimately lead to abnormal emotional processing in schizophrenia. This result confirms the major role of the amygdala in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and is discussed with respect to amygdalar structural and functional abnormalities found in patients suffering from this illness.
Smoking is the leading preventable cause of death in the world. In Argentina, in 2000, 16% of deaths were attributable to tobacco in over 35 years. In Tucuman it exis data on prevalence of, snuff ...consumption but not on mortality related to smoking. Our objective was to estimate the number of deaths attributable to tobacco smoking, the percentage attributable fraction, the rate of age-adjusted mortality and disability-adjusted life years. A cross-sectional descriptive study of mortality associated with smoking in adults over 35 years in Tucuman was conducted between 2001 and 2010; 19 causes provided by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were grouped in cardiovascular diseases, malignancies and respiratory diseases. In the last decade, from a total of 77 220 deaths documented in Tucuman, 3131 4.1% (CI 95%: 3.9-4.2) were attributed to snuff, 77% in men with the highest attributable fraction percentage in the range of 35 to 64 years. Rate age-adjusted mortality ranged from 87.5 in 2001 to 52.1 in 2008. In the first half period cardiovascular diseases predominated, followed by malignancies. On average 3203 years of potential life lost were quantified; where cardiovascular diseases accounted for 55.3%. The percentage of deaths attributable to snuff in Tucuman was lower than that recorded for Argentina. Even though there is anti-tobacco legislation in Tucuman, it is necessary to strengthen it.
Objectives
Rubella vaccination is not included in the national immunization programme of Turkey. However, it is on the market and is recommended, mainly by the private sector, at the age of 12–15 ...months. Introduction of the rubella vaccine without achieving high coverage has the risk of shifting the mean age of rubella infection among the unvaccinated population to reproductive ages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalance of rubella and the factors associated with seropositivity among primary school students in Umraniye, a district of Istanbul.
Blood samples were collected from 489 students in 70 primary schools of Umraniye. Parents completed a concise questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics and measles, mumps and rubella vaccination status.
Among the students screened, 163 (33.3%, 95% confidence intervals 29.2–37.7%) were susceptible to rubella. When sociodemographic variables were evaluated, paternal education was the only variable associated with seronegativity. As the level of paternal education increased, seronegativity rates decreased. This finding may suggest that rubella vaccination is practiced more commonly among children whose fathers are better educated.
Surveillance and control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome must be set as public health priorities in Turkey, particularly given that rubella vaccination is practiced partially in the country.
Objective: This longitudinal study aimed to identify the predictors of leaving during the first year of employment from the cotton spinning mill environment in newly hired workers. Methods: One ...hundred and ninety eight consecutively appointed new employees were investigated by questionnaire, lung function test, and skin test. They were examined before employment and at the end of the 1st week, and the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th month after starting work and when possible before leaving their job. 572 personal dust sampling and 191 endotoxin measurements were performed to assess the environmental exposure. For the univariate analysis χ2, Student t tests, ANOVA, and Kruskall Wallis tests were used. Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to identify factors associated with leaving the job. Results: Fifty three per cent of workers left the mill environment during their first working year. Work related lower respiratory tract symptoms reported at the third month were associated with an increase rate of leaving the industry compared to those remaining in the industry (25% v 4.8%; p<0.005). Having respiratory symptoms at the first month of work predicted those leaving the industry at some point in the next 11 months. According to the Cox model, increasing age and having work related lower respiratory tract symptoms were found to be predictors for leaving job at the first working year. Atopic status, dust and endotoxin levels, and lung function changes were not consistently predictive of workers who left the industry in the follow up period. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that work related respiratory symptoms can predict workers likely to leave the cotton mill environment during the first year of employment, but atopy or acute lung function changes do not.
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