Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Sporadic cases are observed in nonendemic areas and often associated with limited foci; therefore, the ...disease is easily overlooked. In addition, other diseases have similar clinical symptoms, which make it difficult for clinicians to make an accurate diagnosis and to provide effective treatment. We identified visceral leishmaniasis in a 4-year-old child in Pikine, Senegal. The patient was admitted to the Pikine National Teaching Hospital for haemorrhagic, tumoral, and infectious syndromes. At admission, the patient presented with epistaxis and gingivorrhagia, a severe anaemic syndrome poorly tolerated, a systemic inflammatory response syndrome with fever at 39.5°C, a tumoral syndrome with 11 cm of hepatomegaly and 12 cm of type IV splenomegaly, and noninflammatory macropoly adenopathies. A spinal cord puncture was performed, and direct microscopy examination of the sample after GIEMSA staining revealed amastigote forms of Leishmania. The PCR amplification of extracted DNA from the bone marrow aspiration using specific primers for VL (forward and reverse) confirmed that VL was responsible for the infection. A treatment with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) was given and it gave a successful outcome with remission of clinical symptoms and favourable evolution with 3 months hindsight. Conclusion. This visceral leishmaniasis case diagnosis in Senegal has shown that, apart from haematological malignancies, this disease must be considered in combination with a tumor syndrome, haemorrhagic syndrome, and infectious syndrome.
Progress of national Universal Salt Iodization (USI) strategies is typically assessed by household coverage of adequately iodized salt and median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in spot urine ...collections. However, household coverage does not inform on the iodized salt used in preparation of processed foods outside homes, nor does the total UIC reflect the portion of population iodine intake attributable to the USI strategy. This study used data from three population-representative surveys of women of reproductive age (WRA) in Kenya, Senegal and India to develop and illustrate a new approach to apportion the population UIC levels by the principal dietary sources of iodine intake, namely native iodine, iodine in processed food salt and iodine in household salt. The technique requires measurement of urinary sodium concentrations (UNaC) in the same spot urine samples collected for iodine status assessment. Taking into account the different complex survey designs of each survey, generalized linear regression (GLR) analyses were performed in which the UIC data of WRA was set as the outcome variable that depends on their UNaC and household salt iodine (SI) data as explanatory variables. Estimates of the UIC portions that correspond to iodine intake sources were calculated with use of the intercept and regression coefficients for the UNaC and SI variables in each country's regression equation. GLR coefficients for UNaC and SI were significant in all country-specific models. Rural location did not show a significant association in any country when controlled for other explanatory variables. The estimated UIC portion from native dietary iodine intake in each country fell below the minimum threshold for iodine sufficiency. The UIC portion arising from processed food salt in Kenya was substantially higher than in Senegal and India, while the UIC portions from household salt use varied in accordance with the mean level of household SI content in the country surveys. The UIC portions and all-salt-derived iodine intakes found in this study were illustrative of existing differences in national USI legislative frameworks and national salt supply situations between countries. The approach of apportioning the population UIC from spot urine collections may be useful for future monitoring of change in iodine nutrition from reduced salt use in processed foods and in households.
The Banque de France contribution analyzes the effect of liquidity risk on domestic and foreign lending, credit and intragroup funding by French banking groups. The paper finds that a higher core ...deposit ratio, a higher commitment ratio, and a low ratio of illiquid assets are associated with higher growth of certain types of lending during times of liquidity risk. These effects are mitigated when public liquidity is accessed, thus confirming that public liquidity provision was conducive to maintaining lending growth. Most importantly, it finds that the quantitative importance of liquidity risk is more pronounced for foreign lending, which may suggest that the particular banking model of French banks and the strong domestic retail sector contributed to the stability of domestic credit.
•In the context of Basel III implementation, we investigate the link between capital and banking performance, as measured by the Returns on Assets (ROA) on French Banks.•We suggest a way to ...disentangle voluntary from regulatory capital.•We provide evidence that voluntary capital has a positive impact on ROA.•In contrast, shocks on regulatory capital have no significant effect on ROA.
The recent implementation of the Basel III framework has re-ignited the debate around the link between actual capital levels, performance and capital requirements in the banking sector. There is a dominant view in the earlier empirical literature in favor of a positive effect of capital on performance. Using panel data gathered by the French supervisor, we also find evidence of this beneficial effect of capital, but try to go one step further by distinguishing between regulatory and voluntary capital. Using a two-step estimation procedure, and controlling for many factors (risk, asset composition, etc.), we show that voluntary capital, i.e. capital held by banks irrespective of their regulatory requirements, turns out to be the sole component of capital that affects performance positively. In contrast, the effect of regulatory capital on profitability appears to be insignificant, indicating that so far the increase in capital requirements has not been detrimental to bank profitability in France.
Afzelia africana Smith ex Pers. est une espèce très prisée pour son importance socioéconomique au niveau des pays du Sahel, ce qui entraine une forte pression anthropique sur elle. A cela, s’ajoute ...les conditions climatiques défavorables qui handicapent souvent la régénération de l’espèce ainsi que sa conservation en milieu naturel. L’objectif de cette étude est de contribuer à la connaissance des conditions de germination des graines de A. africana. Pour ce faire, les semences ont subi trois (3) types de traitement au laboratoire d’Agroforesterie et d’Écologie à savoir le trempage dans cinq (5) différentes concentrations d’acide sulfurique (H2SO4) (10 % ; 30 % ; 50 % ; 75 % et 98 %) à des durées différentes (5 mn ; 10 mn ; 30 mn et 60 mn), le trempage dans de l’eau tiède et la scarification mécanique. Les résultats révèlent que les meilleures germinations ont été obtenues respectivement à l’acide sulfurique (75 %) avec une durée de trempage de 30 mn pour la catégorie acide, l’eau tiède pour une durée de trempage de 12 h pour la catégorie eau tiède et la scarification mécanique à 1 mm. L’application des résultats obtenus présenterait des intérêts majeurs dans la disponibilité en quantité et qualité d’individus de A. africana pour assurer la régénération de l’espèce et ralentir les risques de disparition dans certaines zones du monde.
Afzelia africana Smith ex Pers. is a species that is highly prized for its socio-economic importance in the Sahelian countries, which results in strong anthropic pressure on it. In addition to this, unfavourable climatic conditions often handicap the regeneration of the species as well as its conservation in the wild. The objective of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of the germination conditions of the A. africana’s seeds. To this end, the seeds under went three (3) types of treatment in the laboratory, namely soaking in five (5) different concentrations of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) (10%; 30%; 50%; 75% and 98%) at different durations (5min; 10min; 30min and 60min), soaking in warm water and mechanical scarification. The results reveal that the best germinations were obtained respectively with 75% acid with a soaking time of 30 min for the acid category, warm water with a soaking time of 12 h for the warm water category and mechanical scarification at 1mm.
We investigate the impact of changes in capital of European banks on their risk-taking behaviour from 1992 to 2006, a time period covering the Basel I capital requirements. We specifically focus on ...the initial level and type of regulatory capital banks hold. First, we assume that risk changes depend on banks' ex ante regulatory capital position. Second, we consider the impact of an increase in each component of regulatory capital on banks' risk changes. We find that, for highly capitalized, adequately capitalized and strongly undercapitalized banks, an increase in equity or in subordinated debt positively affects risk. Moderately undercapitalized banks tend to invest in less risky assets when their equity ratio increases but not when they improve their capital position by extending hybrid capital or subordinated debt. On the whole, our conclusions support the need to implement more explicit thresholds to classify European banks according to their capital ratios but also to clearly distinguish pure equity from hybrid and subordinated instruments.
Household coverage with iodized salt was assessed in 10 countries that implemented Universal Salt Iodization (USI).
The objective of this paper was to summarize household coverage data for iodized ...salt, including the relation between coverage and residence type and socioeconomic status (SES).
A review was conducted of results from cross-sectional multistage household cluster surveys with the use of stratified probability proportional to size design in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Niger, the Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda. Salt iodine content was assessed with quantitative methods in all cases. The primary indicator of coverage was percentage of households that used adequately iodized salt, with an additional indicator for salt with some added iodine. Indicators of risk were SES and residence type. We used 95% CIs to determine significant differences in coverage.
National household coverage of adequately iodized salt varied from 6.2% in Niger to 97.0% in Uganda. For salt with some added iodine, coverage varied from 52.4% in the Philippines to 99.5% in Uganda. Coverage with adequately iodized salt was significantly higher in urban than in rural households in Bangladesh (68.9% compared with 44.3%, respectively), India (86.4% compared with 69.8%, respectively), Indonesia (59.3% compared with 51.4%, respectively), the Philippines (31.5% compared with 20.2%, respectively), Senegal (53.3% compared with 19.0%, respectively), and Tanzania (89.2% compared with 57.6%, respectively). In 7 of 8 countries with data, household coverage of adequately iodized salt was significantly higher in high- than in low-SES households in Bangladesh (58.8% compared with 39.7%, respectively), Ghana (36.2% compared with 21.5%, respectively), India (80.6% compared with 70.5%, respectively), Indonesia (59.9% compared with 45.6%, respectively), the Philippines (39.4% compared with 17.3%, respectively), Senegal (50.7% compared with 27.6%, respectively) and Tanzania (80.9% compared with 51.3%, respectively).
Uganda has achieved USI. In other countries, access to iodized salt is inequitable. Quality control and regulatory enforcement of salt iodization remain challenging. Notable progress toward USI has been made in Ethiopia and India. Assessing progress toward USI only through household salt does not account for potentially iodized salt consumed through processed foods.
This study is a contribution to the characterization of traditional agroforestry parklands in Lower Casamance. It aims at determining the diversity of species and the tree size structure in these ...parklands, as well as at identifying the threats to their sustainability, in order to assist decision making on natural resource conservation. To this end, 45 plots of 50 × 50 m size were inventoried. In each plot, an exhaustive inventory of trees was performed, including species identification, height measurement and estimates of regeneration and mortality rates. Additionally, 116 stakeholders were interviewed about their management practices, the revenue they obtained from agroforestry parklands, and their opinion on the future of these parks. A total of 2739
Elaeis guineensis
palm trees and 3948 trees from other species were observed in the 11.25 ha studied. Hence a relative density of 40.96 individuals of
E. guineensis
ha
−1
. The 63 species belonged to 51 genus within 23 botanical families. The analysis of tree communities indicated a strong role of human management on the species composition of parklands, with cultural value trees near the villages and wood production trees further away, and with some sites having more trees with medicinal uses. The distribution of tree sizes of
E. guineensis
and estimates of mortality and regeneration rates indicated that the population of palm trees is ageing and regeneration is too low to compensate mortality. Based on interviews, palm production is decreasing in the area, and causes of decline identified by the farmers were salinization, drought, illegal cutting, and bush fires, i.e., both natural and anthropogenic causes. In view of the importance of these parklands for the local economy and food security, better management of
E. guineensis
parklands is required to ensure their sustainability.
L’espèce Carapa procera est une plante à usage multiples dont l’huile est très prisée par la population locale. Cette étude avait pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la ...germination, la croissance et le développement de C. procera en condition de pépinière sur différents types de terreaux. Les semences de provenances différentes (Bignona et Oussouye) ont été utilisées. La moitié de chacune des lots a été trempée dans l’eau de robinet pendant 24 h. Un dispositif expérimental en bloc randomisé avec 12 traitements et quatre répétitions a été installé. Le substrat utilisé est le terreau de Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. mélangé avec du sable à des proportions différentes. Les paramètres tels que la taille des noix, la germination, la croissance et la biomasse végétale ont été évalués. Il ressort des résultats que, les graines provenant d’Oussouye sont plus petites (12,92 g en moyenne) que celles provenant de Bignona (19,61 g en moyenne). Le taux de germination, est plus important pour les graines provenant de Bignona (30,55%) comparait aux graines provenant d’Oussouye (26,38%). Le terreau pur a donné les meilleurs résultats pour tous les autres paramètres étudiés. Quel que soit le traitement, il n’existe pas de différence significative (p=0,96) pour la biomasse sèche feuilles et tige. Le même constat a été fait pour la biomasse racinaire (p=0,61). Ainsi, pour avoir une bonne croissance des plants les semences provenant d’Oussouye sont les mieux conseillées et comme substrat le terreau pur de Khaya senegalensis.
English title: Growth, and Development of Carapa procera DC. On different types of potting soil in the nursery in Lower Casamance (SENEGAL)
Carapa procera is a multipurpose plant whose oil is highly prized by the local population. This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the germination, growth and development of C. procera in nursery conditions on different types of soil. Seeds from different origin (Bignona and Oussouye) were used. Half of each batch was soaked in tap water for 24 h. A randomized block experimental design with 12 treatments and four repetitions was installed. The substrate used is the compost of Khaya senegalensis (Desr.) A. Juss. mixed with sand in different proportions. Parameters such as nut size, germination, growth and plant biomass were evaluated. The results show that the seeds from Oussouye are smaller (12.92 g on average) than those from Bignona (19.61 g on average). The germination rate is higher for seeds from Bignona (30.55%) compared to seeds from Oussouye (26.38%). Pure potting soil gave the best results for all the other parameters studied. Whatever the treatment, there is no significant difference (P=0.96) for the leaf and stem dry biomass. The same observation was made for root biomass (P=0.61). Thus, to have a good growth of the seedlings the seeds coming from Oussouye are the best advised and as substrate the pure compost of Khaya senegalensis.
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