The figure of the flâneur is attracting growing interest among sociologists. The question that has stimulated this research is the following: which is the “role” of the flâneur in the social system? ...After having briefly expounded the Theory of Roles, we examine some sociological works which seem particularly useful to formulate a response. Our analysis is primarily focused on the works of Walter Benjamin, Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman, and Giampaolo Nuvolati, taken as paradigmatic cases of four possible perspectives.
The figure of the flâneur is attracting growing interest among sociologists. The question that has stimulated this research is the following: which is the "role" of the flâneur in the social system? ...After having briefly expounded the Theory of Roles, we examine some sociological works which seem particularly useful to formulate a response. Our analysis is primarily focused on the works of Walter Benjamin, Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman, and Giampaolo Nuvolati, taken as paradigmatic cases of four possible perspectives.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between the program and the actual achievements of Italian Futurism. The Futurists introduce in literature the themes of the new urban, ...industrial, dynamic, technological, and tumultuous civilization, through a poetic which, without inhibitions, breaks linguistic, pictorial, rhetorical, and metric rules. The "words-in-freedom" program leads to the "liberation" of various forms of energy and vitality, and opens the way for a revolution in the perception of reality. The principle of mimesis gives way to free creation, which breaks down the boundaries between the fine arts and engineering, between artistic disciplines and life experience. The futurists seek not only the natural sublime as their predecessors, but also produce and glorify the artificial sublime, made through science and technology.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the relationship between the program and the actual achievements of Italian Futurism. The Futurists introduce in literature the themes of the new urban, ...industrial, dynamic, technological, and tumultuous civilization, through a poetic which, without inhibitions, breaks linguistic, pictorial, rhetorical, and metric rules. The “words-in-freedom” program leads to the “liberation” of various forms of energy and vitality, and opens the way for a revolution in the perception of reality. The principle of mimesis gives way to free creation, which breaks down the boundaries between the fine arts and engineering, between artistic disciplines and life experience. The futurists seek not only the natural sublime as their predecessors, but also produce and glorify the artificial sublime, made through science and technology.
The Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 3 score represents a “grey zone” that need to be further investigated to solve the issue of whether to biopsy these equivocal cases or not.
To ...critically analyze the current evidence on PI-RADS 3 cases. We evaluated the prevalence of PI-RADS 3 cases in the literature and detection rate of prostate cancer (PC) and clinically significant PC (csPC) at biopsy with regard to factors determining these rates.
We searched in the Medline and Cochrane Library database from the literature from January 2009 to January 2019, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
A total of 28 studies were included in our analysis (total number of PI-RADS 3 cases: 1759, range 20–187). The prevalence of PI-RADS 3 cases reported in available studies was 17.3% (range 6.4–45.7%). The PC detection rate was 36% (95% confidence interval CI 33.8–37.4; range 10.3–55.8%), whereas that of csPC was 18.5% (95% CI 16.6–20.3; range 3.4–46.5%). Detection rates of PC and csPC were found to be similar in men who underwent a target biopsy versus those with a systematic biopsy (23.5% vs 23.9% and 11.4% vs 12.3%, respectively) and lower than the rates achieved with the combined strategy (36.9% and 19.6%, respectively). A prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) of ≥0.15ng/ml/ml may represent an index to decide whether to submit a PI-RADS 3 case to biopsy.
In most investigations, PI-RADS 3 cases were not evaluated separately. A PI-RADS 3 lesion remains an equivocal lesion. Evaluation of clinical predictive factors in terms of csPC risk is a main aspect of helping clinicians in the biopsy decision process.
Management of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System 3 cases remains an unmet need, and the detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPC) among this population varies widely. Performing a combined target plus a systematic biopsy yields the highest detection of csPC. A prostate-specific antigen density of lower than 0.15ng/ml/ml may select patients for a follow-up strategy.
In the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 3 population, the overall detection rates for prostate cancer (PC) and clinically significant PC (csPC) range from 10.3% to 55.8% and from 3.4% to 46.5%, respectively.
Decision to perform only a targeted biopsy or a systematic biopsy should be associated with a lower detection rate of both PC and csPC.
PI-RADS v1 or v2 seems to have no significant impact on biopsy outcomes.
A prostate-specific antigen density of ≥0.15 ng/ml/ml may represent an index to decide whether to biopsy or not.
Among the greatest obstacles to the implementation of crewed space missions are human biological limitations. Difficulties were always envisioned in relation to both Earth's moon and Mars but more so ...for Mars because long spaceflights would also expose crew to prolonged microgravity conditions, in addition to radiation. The result could well be osteoporosis, bone fractures, and disability. In this article, we do not contest the validity of bone loss studies. Rather, we question a seemingly tacit assumption about the immutability of human nature. Indeed, new, invasive, and noninvasive techniques of human enhancement already allow humans to enjoy modifications that will enable lengthy space missions. The alteration of human DNA has not only aided cancer patients but, for example, by using the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing procedure, can also help to prevent damage to limbs and joints that a prolonged Mars mission could cause for the crew. Possible ethical objections to this solution are discussed, and trade-offs between risks and benefits outlined.
An enlarged purview for amplification of religious doctrine can become necessary for a spacefaring species. Settlement of distant planetary bodies involves both technological and theological issues. ...The authors apply this notion to environmental preservation of the Earth, Earth's Moon, and cislunar space between Earth and Moon, as a unit. In expanding environmental protection beyond Earth to the new cislunar unit, humans take an important step in settling the Moon responsibly. The relationships of immanence and transcendence to the new environmental unit provide examples of the conceptual tasks ahead. Profiles in Ecotheology round out the analysis and point toward future roles.
PURPOSE OF REVIEWAccurate staging of bladder cancer is essential to guide appropriate management. In this review, we discuss the principles, applications and performance of multiparametric MRI ...(mpMRI) and PET-computer tomography (PET-CT) for local and distant staging of bladder cancer.
RECENT FINDINGSBladder mpMRI has a high diagnostic performance in local staging of bladder cancer, superior to other imaging modalities. It can accurately differentiate muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) from non-MIBC (NMIBC), as well as ≤T2 from ≥T3 stages. mpMRI can be used to assess pelvic lymph nodes, although its sensitivity is relatively low. For the assessment of the upper urinary tract, CT urography is the imaging modality of choice. magnetic resonance urography is a viable alternative to CT in selected cases. Although PET-CT is accurate for nodal and distant staging of bladder cancer, there is no clear evidence on its superior diagnostic performance compared with contrast-enhanced CT.
SUMMARYmpMRI is the most accurate imaging modality for local staging of bladder cancer, capable to accurately distinguish MIBC from NMIBC. Nodal and distant staging relies primarily on contrast-enhanced CT.
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