Evaluating the effect of homeopathic medicines on survival and activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to infection with the pathogenic Vibrio ...parahaemolyticus. Materials and methods. The average lethal dosage (LD50) was determined for the pathogen strain in L. vannamei juveniles under immersion (Imm), injection (Inj) and incision + immersion (Inc+Imm) methods. Four treatments were applied: (1) Mix CIB®-HOM Heel-Mix (TH1), constituted by equal v/v ratio, of Cyme-Heel®, Gal-Heel®, Hepa-Heel®, Mucs-Heel® and Chol-Heel®; (2) Mix CIB®-HOM Pav-Mix (TH2), constituted by the same v/v ratio of Passiflora incarnata, Valeriana officinalis, Zincum valerianicum and Ignatia amara (Similia®); (3) Heel-Mix/Pav- Mix (TH3) consisting of a 1:1 v/v combination of the TH1 and TH2 treatments, and (4) ViT-Mix (TH4), constituted by Vidatox®, and a control (not treated/infected). Results. While applying the methods Imm, Inj and Inc+Imm, LD50 was 0.9 x 106; 0.6 x 106 and 0.5 x 106 UFC.mL-1, respectively. At the end of the challenge, the groups treated with TH2, TH3 and TH4 had a greater survival rate to that of the control group (p<0.05). Moreover, these two last treatments showed a greater SOD activity with respect to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions. The homeopathic treatments (TH3 and TH4) increased survival and SOD activity in L. vannamei juveniles challenged with V. parahaemolyticus, which suggests that the homeopathic treatments employed had the potential as an alternative for the control of V. parahaemolyticus and its associated diseases, including the early mortality syndrome in shrimp farming.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Mortality by vibriosis in pectinids such as “Catarina” scallop
Argopecten ventricosus
is mainly caused by the pathogen bacteria
Vibrio alginolyticus
. The use of increasingly potent antibiotics ...generates bacterial resistance, so new alternatives are required to attain more efficient and eco-sustainable production practices.
A growth bioassay to evaluate the effect of homeopathy in juvenile
A. ventricosus
was conducted for 21 days, and a challenge against
V. alginolyticus
(CAIM 57
http://www.ciad.mx/caim
) was conducted for 120 h to evaluate survival post-infection. For the growth bioassay two homeopathic formulas (Pav-Mix/Pha; Pav-Mix/Sit), two antibiotics (Ampicillin; Oxytetracycline) and two controls (No Treatment = NT; Ethanol 30
o
G = E) were included. Specific controls (NCH-Control = untreated/not challenged and CH-Control = untreated/challenged) were used for the challenge. For growth assessment, juvenile scallops (4.14 ± 0.06 mm, 13.33 ± 0.01 mg) were cultured in 4L experimental units provided with aerated, filtered, and UV-sterilized seawater and a blend of cultured microalgae as natural food. Homeopathic drugs, antibiotics and ethanol were added to the culture water. For survival assessment during the challenge bioassay, experimental units (500 mL) were inoculated with 1 × 10
7
CFU/mL (LD
50
) of
V. alginolyticus
. Juveniles grew significantly (p < 0.05 ) larger in weight and height with Pav-Mix/Sit (6.99 ± 0.09 mm; 0.132 mm d
−1
; 41.16 ± 0.35 mg; 1.35 mg d
−1
), compared to the control group NT (5.05 ± 0.10 mm; 0.043 mm d
−1
; 24.33 ± 0.1 mg; 0.54 mg d
−1
).
Higher post-infection survival rate occurred with Pav-Mix/Pha (85%), compared to Oxytetracycline (30%), Ampicillin (53%) and control group CH (0%). Superoxide dismutase (SOD; % of inhibition; SIGMA 19160 Kit) was especially higher (p < 0.05) for Pav-Mix/Pha, in relation to other treatments and controls. Under this experimental evidence, we conclude that homeopathic drugs really improved growth, survival, and immune response in juvenile scallop
A. ventricosus
. The homeopathic drugs could be a potential alternative to antibiotics in mollusk spat hatcheries, and additional benefits could be expected to reduce the progressive increase in bacterial pathogenicity associated to the use and abuse of antibiotics.
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•Highest shrimp survival recorded with 2% Dunaliella sp. after infection.•Dunaliella sp. 2% reduced lipid oxidation, increased hemocytes and SOD gene expression.•Dunaliella sp. 2% in ...shrimp diet enhanced stress response against bacterial infection.
The presence of pathogen agents in shrimp farming is the main obstacle for successful aquaculture. Vibrio species are naturally part of water because they play an important role as opportunistic bacteria. Vibrio parahaemolyticus was identified as the causative agent of the Early Mortality Syndrome in 2009, causing the loss of shrimp farming worldwide. Dunaliella sp. flour has been tested against Vibrio infection proving to be an effective prophylactic method that decreases mortality and improves physiological and immune response in Litopenaeus vannamei. Juvenile shrimp were exposed to 2% Dunaliella sp. flour and commercial 1.1% β -glucan diet provided every other day for 15 days and a posterior infection with V. parahaemolyticus (1 × 106 CFU/mL). To evaluate shrimp stress status, some parameters as glucose, lactate, cholesterol, triglycerides, relative superoxide dismutase (SOD) gene expression and circulating hemocytes were analyzed in hemolymph at zero and seven days before infection and at 0, 24, and 48 h post-infection. L. vannamei fed with Dunaliella sp. showed 93% and β -glucan 87% survival, compared with 79% in the infected control group. Additionally, Dunaliella sp. improved hemocyte and lipid concentrations compared to β -glucan while both immunostimulants showed an increase in SOD response against bacteria. The addition of 2% Dunaliella sp. every other day in L. vannamei diet enhanced stress response against V. parahaemolyticus infection.
Background: The excessive use of antibiotics in shrimp aquaculture cause severe ecological damage. Immunostimulant probiotics are an alternative prophylactic treatment to enhanceantioxidant and ...immune response to reduce mortality induced by pathogenic microbes. Objective: This study investigated the effect of live yeast Debaryomyces hansenii incorporated in diet and in culture water on survival and expression of the antioxidant and immune-related genes in Penaeus vannamei juvenile shrimp. Methodology: Shrimp were fed daily for 10 days with treatments of different doses and a post-infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus as follows: a) control (-) without feed additives and non-infected; b) control (+) without feed additives and infected; c) D. hansenii, 1×106 CFU g-1 feed; d) inulin, 2.5 mg g-1 feed; e) D. hansenii, 1×106 CFU g-1 feed + inulin, 2.5 mg g-1 feed; f) D. hansenii, 2×106 CFU g-1 feed + 1×106 CFU mL-1; g) D. hansenii, 4×106 CFU g-1 feed + 1×106 CFU mL-1. Relative gene expression of lysozyme (LYS), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined in shrimp muscle and hepatopancreas previous to challenge with V. parahaemolyticus. Results: Juvenile shrimp increased the resistance to V. parahaemolyticus infections significantly more than untreated shrimp after D. hansenii administration in feed and water, and mixed with inulin. Relative gene expressions of LYS and SOD increased significantly in shrimp muscle after treated with D. hansenii and D. hansenii + inulin, respectively. SOD and GPX were significantly expressed in shrimp hepatopancreas. Implications: The findings provide new insights to apply yeast immunostimulants in reared shrimp to increase immune response and survival against experimental bacterial infections. Conclusions: In this study, juvenile shrimp exposed to additive immunostimulants increased gene expression in shrimp tissues, muscle and hepatopancreas, and the dose of 1×106 CFU g-1 of D. hansenii in feed was sufficient to increase shrimp survival against V. parahaemolyticus infection.
Triploid Crassostrea gigas were cultured during 13 months in Nestier-type oyster trays. The impact of environmental parameters on the physiological and immunological parameters was evaluated. ...Temperature, salinity and seston were recorded monthly. Seventeen oysters were sampled monthly for immunological and condition index (CI) analyses. Samples were obtained as a haemolymph lysate supernatant (HLS). Protein content was determined using the Bradford method. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes was determined using the API ZYM kit and the lysoplate assay. Seston showed different patterns throughout the cycle. Condition index showed a positive correlation with the protein content of HLS. Protein showed a negative correlation with temperature. Eleven hydrolytic enzymes were detected in samples and higher enzymatic activity corresponded to leucine arylamidase and esterase. Leucine arylamidase and lysozyme activity showed a positive correlation with temperature. Oyster mortality was 28% in our modules and 70% in the oyster farm. Oysters showed low values of CI and haemolymph protein content in summer-autumn when mortalities were observed in the culture system. This finding suggests that these stressed oysters may have insufficient energy to invest in their immune system. It appears that oyster mortality in the culture system resulted from a combination of animal overcrowding, high temperature and low salinity.
La acuacultura de camarón es una industria que usa harina de pescado en las dietas, el cual es un ingrediente difícil de obtener a bajo costo y es cada vez más escaso. Es importante encontrar ...estrategias que ayuden a la nutrición del camarón mediante el uso de ingredientes alternativos que reemplacen o complementen a la harina de pescado y ayuden a desarrollar una industria más amigable para el medio ambiente. Las levaduras se pueden añadir a las dietas para los organismos acuáticos y son un producto microbiano generado por sistemas biotecnológicos o un subproducto de las industrias agroalimentarias. Este estudio determinó el uso potencial de levaduras activas (Candida insectorum, C. parapsilosis, C. sake, C. utilis, Debaryomyces hansenii, Rhodosporidium paludigenum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, y Yarrowia lipolytica) en camarones juveniles y postlarvas de Litopenaeus schmitt, Fenneropenaeus indicus y L. vannamei. Los resultados muestran que las levaduras activas pueden ser empleadas a diferentes dosis como un sustituto parcial de la harina de pescado y/o harina de soya e incorporarse a dietas de camarones juveniles o usarse directamente en dietas para postlarvas. Sin embargo, es necesario realizar estudios que determinen las estrategias más eficientes para que la levadura activa sea ingerida por el camarón.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Survival and growth of pearl oyster, Pinctada mazatlanica, juveniles fed microalgae supplemented with natural and commercial probiotics were measured for 21 d at the hatchery. Probiotics tested were ...(1) a Lactobacillus sp., (2) a mix of two bacilli, Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, (3) a marine yeast, Yarrowia lipolytica, (4) Epicin-hatchery® as commercial probiotic, (5) an antibiotic oxytetracycline, and (6) the control group fed Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova salina, and Chaetoceros muelleri only. When the hatchery phase ended, the effects of probiotics were followed during the early stages of field cultivation (90 d). Different from the control group, natural probiotics significantly improved performance of juveniles during both phases, particularly in the field. The treatment with Lactobacillus sp. significantly increased survival by 72%, growth in shell height by 63%, and growth in wet weight by 83% over the control. The marine yeast and mix of bacilli provided intermediate results, enhancing survival by 55-65%, shell height by 55-58%, and wet weight by 70-76% compared with the control. Conversely, growth and survival in the treatments with Epicin and oxytetracycline were significantly lower than in the control. These results show the potential of natural probiotics for improving hatchery rearing of this pearl oyster.
The toxic effect of the dinoflagellate
Prorocentrum lima on juvenile American whiteleg shrimp
Litopenaeus vannamei and giant lion-paw scallop
Nodipecten subnodosus was evaluated. Organisms were ...exposed to three densities (500, 2000, or 5000 cells mL
−
1
), superoxide dismutase activity and soluble protein in the hepatopancreas and muscle were determined at 1, 6, 24 and 48 h after challenge. Shrimp exposed at 5000 cells mL
−
1
significantly increased SOD activity in the hepatopancreas at 1 h post-challenge, whereas enzymatic activity in muscle significantly increased at 24 h at all densities. Scallops exposed to 500 and 2000 cells mL
−
1
showed significant SOD activity increase in hepatopancreas at 24 and 12 h, respectively. Mortality at 48 h was 100% in scallops exposed to 5000 cells mL
−
1
. Shrimp showed higher levels of SOD activity than scallops. Soluble protein content in the shrimp hepatopancreas was significantly higher at densities of 500 and 2000 cells mL
−
1
at 6 and 1 h, respectively. Soluble protein content in the scallop hepatopancreas was higher than control values at 1 h after challenge. In this study, 500 cells mL
−
1
was enough to trigger SOD activity in two benthic species exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate
P. lima.
In aquaculture, probiotics have been tested for enhancing the immune system and promoting growth and survival rate of many marine species like shrimp and mollusks. In order to isolate bacteria with a ...high probiotic potential for marine shellfish aquaculture, homogenates of the gastrointestinal tract from adult mangrove cockle, Anadara tuberculosa, were obtained to perform in vitro and in vivo assays. Isolates were tested in vitro for hemolytic activity, hydrophobicity, tolerance to ammonia nitrogen, salinity and pH as well as for growth kinetics, extracellular enzymatic activity, autoaggregation, coaggregation and molecular identification. Three bacteria with high degree of hydrophobicity (>60% adherence to p-xylene) and four bacteria with medium hydrophobicity, which showed different patterns of attachment to monopolar solvents (chloroform and ethyl acetate) and a high tolerance to ammonia nitrogen (200 mg L-1), were selected. Six different treatments: T1 (without addition of cultured bacteria); T2 (MAt29, Enterococcus casseliflavus); T3 (MAt35, Citrobacter koseri); T4 (GAtBl, Bacillus subtilis subtilis); T5 (GAt7, Staphylococcus sp.); and T6 (1:1:1:1 mix of strains T2, T3, T4 and T5), were used to evaluate the specific growth rate, and cellular immune response of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The best specific growth rate was observed for T6 and T4 treatments related to Bacillus subtilis subtilis. A significant difference in total hemocytes count (P < 0.05) was found for T4 treatment with respect to control group. Strains isolated from A. tuberculosa had a beneficial effect on the growth and immune response of L. vannamei, so they have potential use as probiotics in aquaculture of marine shellfish.
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