The paper describes and analyses data obtained from a survey of the labour force of a tuna cannery in Papua New Guinea. Estimates of the value of employees’ work and travel time are obtained and used ...to calculate the shadow‐price of labour under alternative assumptions about the labour market and the economy. The shadow‐prices are used to calculate annual employment benefits to the indigenous labour force and to the economy as a whole. These benefits can amount to approximately half of the gross wage bill. Benefits by sex and skill category of worker are also reported. The results of the paper can be used to calculate employment benefits in other similar circumstances in other industries and countries.
1. Foraging underlies the ability of all animals to acquire essential resources and thus provides a critical link to understand population dynamics. A key issue is how variation in foraging behaviour ...affects foraging efficiency and predator–prey interactions in spatially heterogeneous environments. However, there is very little quantitative information available on this topic. 2. We evaluated the impact of variation in predator foraging on population dynamics of the predatory mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, and its prey, the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, in a heterogeneous environment. 3. Through artificial selection, we generated predator lines with high levels of prey consumption, conversion efficiency or dispersal, which were otherwise similar in foraging and life history. With these lines, we experimentally compared the effect of these traits on temporal and spatial patterns of predators and prey. 4. We initiated the experiments in a 24-plant landscape, which contained two discrete prey patches (i.e. prey-infested plants) under two initial predator–prey population ratios (1 : 10 and 1 : 30). Predators were introduced into one of the prey patches and were left to forage for 24 days. 5. Predator population growth was similar among the three selected lines, but the high conversion efficiency line produced the most predators and had the highest predator–prey ratio, and the high consumption and high dispersal lines were intermediate. The unselected line showed the least predator growth and lowest predator–prey ratio throughout the experiment. 6. Initial predator–prey ratio did not affect the impact of the selected lines on prey population growth at the high (1 : 10) ratio. However, at the low predator–prey ratio (1 : 30), the unselected line had a much greater prey numbers than the selected lines. 7. Predators and prey were each individually aggregated, but the high conversion efficiency and high dispersal lines showed stronger spatial association and correlation with prey, while the high consumption line was less closely associated or correlated with the prey. 8. These results indicate that there may be multiple, equally effective strategies by which predators exploit prey in patchy landscapes, but suggest that the long-term dynamics may not be stable under all of these strategies.
The RTOG-9704 trial (adjuvant chemoradiation of pancreatic cancer with 5FU followed by 5FU or gemcitabine) indicated that survival was greater with high tumour hENT1 expression but only if ...gemcitabine was given.
BACKGROUND: When a person walks a dog, information from variables of their own postural control is integrated with haptic information from the dog’s movements (e.g., direction, speed of movement, ...pulling forces).
AIM: We examined how haptic information provided through contact with a moving endpoint (here, the leash of a dog walking on a treadmill) influenced an individual’s postural control during a quiet tandem standing task with and without restricted vision and under various elevations of the support surface (increased task difficulty levels).
METHOD: Adults performed a 30-second quiet tandem stance task on a force platform while holding a leash attached to a dog who walked on a treadmill parallel to the force platform. Conditions included: haptic contact (dog and no-dog), vision constraint (eyes open, EO, and eyes closed, EC), and surfaces (4 heights).
RESULTS: Interaction between haptic condition and vision showed that contact with the dog leash reduced root mean square (RMS) and mean sway speed (MSS). RMS showed that the highest surface had the greatest rate of sway reduction during haptic contact with EC, and an increase with EO.
CONCLUSION: The dog’s movements were used as a haptic reference to aid balance when eyes were closed. In this condition, contact with the dog’s leash reduced the extent of sway variability on the higher surfaces.
Parasites have evolved numerous complex and fascinating ways of interacting with their hosts. The subject attracts the interest of numerous biologists from the perspective of ecology and behavioural ...biology, as well as from those concerned with more applied aspects of parasitology. However, until now there has been no recent book to synthesize this field.This book, written by leading authorities from the USA, Europe, Australia and New Zealand, provides the most comprehensive coverage of this important topic on the market.
All Boats Rise with the Tide Campbell, Neal F; Davis, Peter J
Anesthesia and analgesia,
2013-June, 2013-Jun, 2013-06-00, 20130601, Letnik:
116, Številka:
6
Journal Article
The Millimeter-Wave Scalable Unconstrained Broadband Array (MMW SCUBA) system leverages cutting edge chip integration, additive manufacturing, and packaging technology to realize an 18-50 GHz, ...dual-polarized, scalable phased array antenna with element-level digital beamforming. We report on the demonstration and test of a 16 element free-space-to-RF prototype, as well as progress on the development of a larger 64 element array prototype build which extends integration from free-space to digits.
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