1. The measurement of animal density may take advantage of recent technological achievements in wildlife video recording. Fostering the theoretical links between the patterns depicted by cameras and ...absolute density is required to exploit this potential. 2. We explore the applicability of the Hutchinson-Waser's postulate (i.e. when animal density is stationary at a given temporal and spatial scale, the absolute density is given by the average number of animals counted per frame), which is a counterintuitive statement for most ecologists and managers who are concerned with counting the same individual more than once. We aimed to reconcile such scepticism for animals displaying home range behaviour. 3. The specific objectives of this paper are to generalize the Hutchinson-Waser's postulate for animals displaying home range behaviour and to propose a Bayesian implementation to estimate density from counts per frame using video cameras. 4. Accuracy and precision of the method was evaluated by means of computer simulation experiments. Specifically, six animal archetypes displaying well-contrasted movement features were considered. The simulation results demonstrate that density could be accurately estimated after an affordable sampling effort (i.e. number of cameras and deployment time) for a great number of animals across taxa. 5. The proposed method may complement other conventional methods for estimating animal density. The major advantages are that identifying an animal at the individual level and precise knowledge on how animals move are not needed, and that density can be estimated in a single survey. The method can accommodate conventional camera trapping data. The major limitations are related to some implicit assumptions of the underlying model: the home range centres should be homogeneously distributed, the detection probability within the area surveyed by the camera should be known, and animals should movie independently to one another. Further improvements for circumventing these limitations are discussed.
Consistent between‐individual differences in movement are widely recognised across taxa. In addition, foraging plasticity at the within‐individual level suggests a behavioural dependency on the ...internal energy demand. Because behaviour co‐varies with fast‐slow life history (LH) strategies in an adaptive context, as theoretically predicted by the pace‐of‐life syndrome hypothesis, mass/energy fluxes should link behaviour and its plasticity with physiology at both between‐ and within‐individual levels. However, a mechanistic framework driving these links in a fluctuating ecological context is lacking. Focusing on home range behaviour, we propose a novel behavioural‐bioenergetics theoretical model to address such complexities at the individual level based on energy balance. We propose explicit mechanistic links between behaviour, physiology/metabolism and LH by merging two well‐founded theories, the movement ecology paradigm and the dynamic energetic budget theory. Overall, our behavioural‐bioenergetics model integrates the mechanisms explaining how (1) behavioural between‐ and within‐individual variabilities connect with internal state variable dynamics, (2) physiology and behaviour are explicitly interconnected by mass/energy fluxes, and (3) different LHs may arise from both behavioural and physiological variabilities in a given ecological context. Our novel theoretical model reveals encouraging opportunities for empiricists and theoreticians to delve into the eco‐evolutionary processes that favour or hinder the development of between‐individual differences in behaviour and the evolution of personality‐dependent movement syndromes.
We evaluate the effects of strontium ranelate on the composition and crystal structure of the biological bone-like apatite produced in osteoblast cell cultures, a system that gave us the advantage of ...obtaining mineral samples produced exclusively during treatment. Cells were treated with strontium ranelate at concentrations of 0.05 and 0.5 mM Sr
2+
. Mineral substances were isolated and analyzed by using a combination of methods: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state
1
H nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray diffraction, micro-Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The minerals produced in all cell cultures were typical bone-like apatites. No changes occurred in the local structural order or crystal size of the minerals. However, we noticed several relevant changes in the mineral produced under 0.5 mM Sr
2+
: (1) increase in type-B CO
3
2−
substitutions, which often lead to the creation of vacancies in Ca
2+
and OH
−
sites; (2) incorporation of Sr
2+
by substituting slightly less than 10 % of Ca
2+
in the apatite crystal lattice, resulting in an increase in both lattice parameters
a
and
c
; (3) change in the PO
4
3−
environments, possibly because of the expansion of the lattice; (4) the Ca/P ratio of this mineral was reduced, but its (Ca+Sr)/P ratio was the same as that of the control, indicating that its overall cation/P ratio was preserved. Thus, strontium ranelate changes the composition and crystal structure of the biological bone-like apatite produced in osteoblast cell cultures.
That this camera‐based method is sparking debate regarding its applicability to specific‐species is a symptom of the complexity of wildlife assessment in light of the increasing, unprecedented amount ...of ecological‐data, this task requires strengthening links between theorists and empiricists to profit the new opportunities offered by the method.
Deep learning for cell image segmentation and ranking Araújo, Flávio H.D.; Silva, Romuere R.V.; Ushizima, Daniela M. ...
Computerized medical imaging and graphics,
March 2019, 2019-03-00, 20190301, Letnik:
72
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
•A methodology capable of segmenting both free-lying and clumps of abnormal cells with high overlapping rate from digitized images of conventional Pap smears.•The segmentation algorithm applies a ...convolutional neural network trained with more than a million patch-images to identify abnormal cell regions.•We used the average area of segmented regions to rank images according to the probability that they contain abnormal cells.•Results showed that the proposed methodology achieved more accurate results and performed faster when compared with other existing methods.•All the codes and the database will be published upon paper acceptance.
Ninety years after its invention, the Pap test continues to be the most used method for the early identification of cervical precancerous lesions. In this test, the cytopathologists look for microscopic abnormalities in and around the cells, which is a time-consuming and prone to human error task. This paper introduces computational tools for cytological analysis that incorporate cell segmentation deep learning techniques. These techniques are capable of processing both free-lying and clumps of abnormal cells with a high overlapping rate from digitized images of conventional Pap smears. Our methodology employs a preprocessing step that discards images with a low probability of containing abnormal cells without prior segmentation and, therefore, performs faster when compared with the existing methods. Also, it ranks outputs based on the likelihood of the images to contain abnormal cells. We evaluate our methodology on an image database of conventional Pap smears from real scenarios, with 108 fields-of-view containing at least one abnormal cell and 86 containing only normal cells, corresponding to millions of cells. Our results show that the proposed approach achieves accurate results (MAP = 0.936), runs faster than existing methods, and it is robust to the presence of white blood cells, and other contaminants.
The present paper provides new information on the attribution of the cationic sites of the orthorhombic Ce10W22O81 crystal phase prepared in the CeO2–Ce2O3–WO3 ternary system. Atomic resolution ...HAADF‐STEM (high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy) and HREM (high‐resolution electron microscopy) investigations have highlighted the presence of two mixed columns of Ce and W cations along the a axis that were previously assigned to pure W cations in the asymmetric unit. This discovery explains the presence of a commensurate superstructure doubling the orthorhombic unit‐cell length ao.
Atomic resolution high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) and high‐resolution electron microscopy (HREM) are used to highlight partial chemical ordering of cations and superstructures in metal oxides.
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•Goethite crystallites near the junction zone present one or more straight white lines.•Silica mineralization modulates the diameters of goethite crystals in the cusp base.•Chitin ...fibers inside silica granules are wavy while inside goethite they are straight.•Mineralization of silica granules occurs in regions where the matrix fibers cross.•Silica cutting properties in opposite sides of the transition zone differ.
We report the electron microscopy-based analysis of the major lateral tooth of the limpet Colisella subrugosa during early and intermediate stages of development. We aimed to analyze the structural relationship among the needle-like crystals of the iron oxide goethite, the amorphous silica phase that forms the tooth base and occupy inter-crystalline spaces in the cusp, and the chitin fibers of the matrix. Goethite crystals followed the three dimensional organization pattern of the chitin fibers in the cusp. In the tooth base, spherical individual silica granules were found in regions where the chitin fibers cross. The spherical granules near the interface between the tooth base and the cusp (junction zone) formed an almost continuous medium that could easily be ultrathin-sectioned for further analysis. By contrast, the nearby silica-rich region localized on the other side of the junction zone contained needle-like goethite crystals immersed in the matrix and presented a conchoidal fracture. The chitin fibers from the silica granules of the tooth base were dotted or undulating in projection with a periodicity of about 6 nm when observed by high magnification transmission electron microscopy. Very thin goethite crystals were present in the base of the cusp near the junction zone surrounded by silica. On several occasions, crystals presented internal thin straight white lines parallel to the major axis, indicating a possible growth around fibers. We propose that silica and iron oxide phases mineralization may occur simultaneously at least for some period and that silica moderates the dimensions of the iron oxide crystals.
•Rough and porous oxide films on titanium substrates were grown by MAO.•Bioactive elements (Ca, P, Mg) were incorporated into the oxide structure.•Addition of Mg increased rutile content and ...therefore improved the wear resistance of the films.•Mechanisms for oxide film growth and tribocorrosion degradation are proposed.
The growth of the dental implant market increases the concern regarding the quality, efficiency, and lifetime of dental implants. Titanium and its alloys are dominant materials in this field thanks to their high biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, but they possess a very low wear resistance. Besides problems related to osteointegration and bacterial infections, tribocorrosion phenomena being the simultaneous action between corrosion and wear, are likely to occur during the lifetime of the implant. Therefore, tribocorrosion resistant surfaces are needed to guarantee the preservation of dental implants.
This work focused on the incorporation of magnesium, together with calcium and phosphorous, in the structure of titanium oxide films produced by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The characterization of morphology, chemical composition, and crystalline structure of the surfaces provided important insights leading to (1) a better understanding of the oxide film growth mechanisms during the MAO treatment; and (2) a better awareness on the degradation process during tribocorrosion tests. The addition of magnesium was shown to support the formation of rutile which improves the tribocorrosion properties of the surfaces.
Our study investigated the relationship between MYC alterations and clinicopathological features in gastric cancers. We evaluated the effect of MYC mRNA expression and its protein immunoreactivity, ...as well as copy number variation, promoter DNA methylation, and point mutations, in 125 gastric adenocarcinoma and 67 paried non-neoplastic tissues. We observed that 77% of the tumors presented MYC immunoreactivity which was significantly associated with increased mRNA expression (p<0.05). These observations were associated with deeper tumor extension and the presence of metastasis (p<0.05). MYC protein expression was also more frequently observed in intestinal-type than in diffuse-type tumors (p<0.001). Additionally, MYC mRNA and protein expression were significantly associated with its copy number (p<0.05). The gain of MYC copies was associated with late-onset, intestinal-type, advanced tumor stage, and the presence of distant metastasis (p<0.05). A hypomethylated MYC promoter was detected in 86.4% of tumor samples. MYC hypomethylation was associated with diffuse-type, advanced tumor stage, deeper tumor extension, and the presence of lymph node metastasis (p<0.05). Moreover, eighteen tumor samples presented at least one known mutation. The presence of MYC mutations was associated with diffuse-type tumor (p<0.001). Our results showed that MYC deregulation was mainly associated with poor prognostic features and also reinforced the presence of different pathways involved in intestinal-type and diffuse-type gastric carcinogenesis. Thus, our findings suggest that MYC may be a useful marker for clinical stratification and prognosis.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
We evaluated the effects of acute intake of biscuits (B) containing either spent coffee grounds (SCG), (added with fructooligosaccharides; SC‐FOS) or SCG antioxidant dietary fiber (SCF), on satiety, ...energy intake as well as gastrointestinal tolerance of healthy overweight volunteers. The addition of SCG and SCF to the biscuits (SC‐FOS‐B and SCF‐B) increased their protein (11.4% and 12.2%), and total dietary fiber (8.4% and 11.8%) contents. The SCF‐B significantly increased satiety perception, impacting ad libitum energy intake compared to the traditional biscuits recipe (TB; no added fiber). Moreover, SC‐FOS‐B and SCF‐B decreased (no‐observed‐adverse effect) the most frequently reported symptoms by the participants, demonstrating that doses up to 5 g of SCF (per biscuit portion; 45 g) are well tolerated. The use of SCF and SCG as functional ingredients represents a sustainable strategy for the coffee industry and also potentiates the reduction of overweight, one of the leading health problems among the population.
Practical applications
The addition of SCF or SCG as food ingredients increases protein and the dietary fiber content of traditional biscuits. SCF can slow gastric emptying, modulate appetite and thus body weight. SCF attenuates carbohydrate digestion blunting post‐prandial blood glucose spikes reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. SCF can be used as a functional ingredient to formulate foods with health benefits.
Spent coffee grounds increase biscuits protein and dietary fiber content. Spent coffee fiber‐biscuit increases satiety and decrease ad libitum energy intake. Formulated biscuits are gastrointestinal tolerated. Spent coffee represents an opportunity to manage weight.
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