Introduction
Peak incidence for many psychiatric disorders occurs in reproductive years. We don’t have FDA-approved drugs or clinical guidelines. The main cause of pharmacological suspension in ...pregnancy is the lack of knowledge of their effects on the product. Gathering information on this regard becomes crucial so we can avoid relapses or exacerbation
Objectives
Describe neurodevelopmental effects in children ≥ 6 months exposed to antipsychotics prenatally.
Methods
PROSPERO-CRD42020170314. Using MeSH terms in 5 databases, without language and time restriction, obtaining n=3932. After review and exclusion n=24 were obtained for qualitative review.
(Figure 1).
Results
Of 20 case reports 4 had more ambivalence results
(Table 1).
In the cohort studies, exposure may cause short-term delay at 6 months but no significant difference at 12 months
(Table 2).
Table 2
Study
N
Antipsychotic
Months
Conclusion using clinical evaluation
Imaz et al. Front. Pharmacol.2018; 9:264
1
Risperdal
Clozapine
72
Abnormal
memory, attention/executive, hyperactivity
1
Clozapine
32
Normal
2
Clozapine
18
Abnormal
Normal
Burt et al. Am J Psychiatry 2010; 167:892-897
1
Olanzapine
12,18,
22,29
18 months Abnormal
motor
22 months
normal
29 months
normal
Kirchheiner et al. Pharmacopsych 2000; 33:78-80
1
Olanzapine
7,11
7 months Abnormal
motor
11 months
Normal
Mendhekar et al. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007; 19:2
1
Clozapine
6
5 years Abnormal
language
Table 3
Study
N
Antipsychotic
Months
Conclusion using clinimetry and clinical evaluation
Shao et al. Plos ONE, 2015; 10(4),1-9
63
Clozapine
Risperidone
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
6,12
BSID-III
6 months
Adaptive behavior score lower in clozapine group
12 months
No difference
Johnson et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry2012; 69(8), 787-794
22
Haloperidol
SGA*
6
INFANIB Lower scores with SGA then Haloperidol
Peng et al. Psychopharmacology 2013; 228(4), 577-584
76
Clozapine
Risperidone
Sulpiride
Olanzapine
Quetiapine
6,12
BSID-III
6 months
Lower socio-emotional and adaptive behavior scores
12 months
No difference
Petersen et al. BMJ 2016; 5(6), 1-9
290
FGA+SGA**
6
More neurodevelopmental disorder that those who didn’t take antipsychotics.
Image:
Conclusions
Most are case reports, hence the importance of collecting this information, not ignoring it due to lack of methodological rigor. The intent is not to conclude that prenatal exposure to antipsychotics doesn’t have long-term neurodevelopmental effects, rather documenting the available evidence contributing to an informed clinical decision.
Disclosure of Interest
None Declared
USE: A Universal, Scalable, and Efficient Clocking Scheme for QCA Araujo T. Campos, Caio; Marciano, Abner L.; Vilela Neto, Omar P. ...
IEEE transactions on computer-aided design of integrated circuits and systems,
2016-March, 2016-3-00, 20160301, Letnik:
35, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) is an emerging technology, conceived in face of nanoscale limitations of CMOS circuits, with exceptional integration density, impressive switching frequency, and ...remarkable low-power characteristics. Several of the current challenges toward the progress of QCA technology is related to the automation of the design process and integration into existing design flows. In this regard, this paper proposes the universal, scalable, efficient (USE), and easily manufacturable clocking scheme. It solves one of the most limiting factors of existing clock schemes, the implementation of feedback paths and easy routing of QCA-based circuits. Consequently, USE facilitates considerably the development of standard cell libraries and design tools for this technology, besides avoiding thermodynamics problems. Case studies presented in this paper reveal an area reduction of up to factor 5 and delay decrease by up to factor 3 in comparison with an existing advanced clocking scheme.
Novel silica-based infiltrations on the surface of zirconia have the potential to improve their bondability, allowing for the etching/silane adhesive bonding technique. Nonetheless, adhesively bonded ...joints are subject to mixed tensile and shear stresses when the restoration is in occlusal service. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of 2 novel silica-based infiltrations on the interfacial toughness of adhesively bonded zirconia using the Brazil nut method, which allows for controlled types of stresses to be applied at the interfaces. In total, 150 3Y-TZP (In-Ceram YZ; Vita) Brazil nuts were machined and randomly assigned to 3 groups: C, control (air abraded); SG, sol-gel silica infiltration; and GI, glass infiltration. SG specimens were immersed twice in silicic acid for 20 min and dried (100°C, 1 h). GI specimens were presintered (1,400°C, 1 h) before a glass powder slurry was applied to the intaglio surface. All specimens were then sintered (1,530°C, 2 h). Following adhesive bonding (Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray) and water storage (37°C) for 10 d, the Brazil nuts were subdivided into groups baseline and aged (40,000 thermal cycles between 5°C and 55°C, with a dwell time of 30 s). The Brazil nuts were subjected to axial-loading tests using various inclinations (precrack angle with load direction): Θ = 0°, 5°, 10°, 15°, or 25°, which define the stress type at the interface, from pure tension (0°) to increasing levels of shear. Under pure tension (0°), GI yielded superior interfacial fracture energy, SG and C were similar, and aging had no effect. Under predominantly shear stresses (25°), aging significantly decreased interfacial fracture energy of C and SG, while GI remained stable and was superior. The glass infiltration of the zirconia intaglio surface increases its adhesive bonding interfacial toughness. The sol-gel silica infiltration method requires improvement to obtain a homogeneous surface infiltration and an enhanced bond strength.
A series of metakaolinite-based geopolymer was prepared at several curing temperatures and its relationship with porosity, infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and mechanical properties was investigated. ...The samples were cured at the following temperatures: 55, 65 and 80°C for 1h. After a post cure of 28 days, the samples were investigated by using the following techniques: compressive strength, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), helium pycnometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). All samples were amorphous by XRD. The sample thermally treated at 65°C (C65) presented the highest values of compressive strength and relative integrated area of peak at 792cm−1. This peak was attributed to a higher concentration of tetra-coordinated aluminum, indicating a higher efficiency of the geopolymeric reaction. The C65 also presented the lowest volume of closed pores. The values of the skeletal and the true densities for C65 were very similar and consistent with the volume of the closed pores. On the other hand, this sample showed the highest bulk density obtained by MIP and the greatest difference between the open and closed porosity measured by MIP and helium pycnometry, respectively. All these results are coherent and clearly indicate that the amount of open pores is directly related to a better mechanical performance of the geopolymeric sample.
Objective
To analyze the influence of titanium‐base (straight SSC/angulated‐screw‐channel ASC) on failure‐loads and bending‐moments of two‐piece ceramic and titanium–zirconium implants restored with ...monolithic‐zirconia crowns after fatigue.
Materials and Methods
Thirty‐two anterior monolithic‐screw‐retained zirconia crowns were divided into four groups (n = 8/group) according to the factors: (1) type of implant material: two‐piece titanium–zirconium implant (Ti–Zr; control‐group) versus two‐piece ceramic implant (CI; test‐group) and (2) type of titanium‐base: SSC (0° angle) versus ASC (25°). An intact implant was used for field emission gun‐scanning electronic microscopy (FEG‐SEM) characterization and Raman spectroscopy for phase analyses and residual stress quantification. All samples were exposed to fatigue with thermodynamic loading (1.2‐million‐cycles, 49 N, 1.6 Hz, 5–55°C) at a 30° angle. Surviving specimens were loaded until failure (SLF) and bending moments were recorded. Failed samples were examined using light microscope and SEM. Statistical analyses included ANOVA and Mann–Whitney U‐test.
Results
Raman‐spectroscopy revealed the presence of residual compressive stresses. FEG‐SEM revealed a roughened surface between threads and polished surface at the cervical‐collar of the ceramic implant. All samples survived fatigue and were free of complications. Mean bending‐moments (±SD) were: Ti‐Zr‐0: 241 ± 45 N cm, Ti‐Zr‐25: 303 ± 86 N cm, CI‐0: 326 ± 58 N cm, CI‐25: 434 ± 71 N cm. Titanium‐base and implant‐material had significant effects in favor of ASC titanium bases (p = .001) and ceramic‐implants (p < .001). Failure analysis after SLF revealed severe fractures in ceramic implants, whereas titanium implants were restricted to plastic deformation.
Conclusions
Ceramic and titanium implants exhibited high reliability after fatigue, with no failures. From a mechanical perspective, titanium bases with ASC can be recommended for both ceramic and titanium implants and are safe for clinical application.
Organic aerosol (OA) represents approximately half of the submicron aerosol in Mexico City and the Central Mexican Plateau. This study uses the high time resolution measurements performed onboard the ...NCAR/NSF C-130 aircraft during the MILAGRO/MIRAGE-Mex field campaign in March 2006 to investigate the sources and chemical processing of the OA in this region. An examination of the OA/ΔCO ratio evolution as a function of photochemical age shows distinct behavior in the presence or absence of substantial open biomass burning (BB) influence, with the latter being consistent with other studies in polluted areas. In addition, we present results from Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis of 12-s High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) OA spectra. Four components were resolved. Three of the components contain substantial organic oxygen and are termed semivolatile oxygenated OA (SV-OOA), low-volatility OOA (LV-OOA), and biomass burning OA (BBOA). A reduced "hydrocarbon-like OA" (HOA) component is also resolved. LV-OOA is highly oxygenated (atomic O/C~1) and is aged organic aerosol linked to regional airmasses, with likely contributions from pollution, biomass burning, and other sources. SV-OOA is strongly correlated with ammonium nitrate, Ox, and the Mexico City Basin. We interpret SV-OOA as secondary OA which is nearly all (>90%) anthropogenic in origin. In the absence of biomass burning it represents the largest fraction of OA over the Mexico City basin, consistent with other studies in this region. BBOA is identified as arising from biomass burning sources due to a strong correlation with HCN, and the elevated contribution of the ion C2H4O2+ (m/z 60, a marker for levoglucosan and other primary BB species). WRF-FLEXPART calculated fire impact factors (FIF) show good correlation with BBOA mass concentrations within the basin, but show location offsets in the far field due to model transport errors. This component is small or absent when forest fires are suppressed by precipitation. Since PMF factors represent organic species grouped by chemical similarity, additional postprocessing is needed to more directly apportion OA amounts to sources, which is done here based on correlations to different tracers. The postprocessed AMS results are similar to those from an independent source apportionment based on multiple linear regression with gas-phase tracers. During a flight with very high forest fire intensity near the basin OA arising from open BB represents ~66% of the OA mass in the basin and contributes similarly to OA mass in the outflow. Aging and SOA formation of BB emissions is estimated to add OA mass equivalent to about ~32–42% of the primary BBOA over several hours to a day.
We collected mercury observations as part of the Nitrogen, Oxidants, Mercury, and Aerosol Distributions, Sources, and Sinks (NOMADSS) aircraft campaign over the southeastern US between 1 June and ...15 July 2013. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to interpret these observations and place new constraints on bromine radical initiated mercury oxidation chemistry in the free troposphere. We find that the model reproduces the observed mean concentration of total atmospheric mercury (THg) (observations: 1.49 ± 0.16 ng m−3, model: 1.51 ± 0.08 ng m−3), as well as the vertical profile of THg. The majority (65 %) of observations of oxidized mercury (Hg(II)) were below the instrument's detection limit (detection limit per flight: 58–228 pg m−3), consistent with model-calculated Hg(II) concentrations of 0–196 pg m−3. However, for observations above the detection limit we find that modeled Hg(II) concentrations are a factor of 3 too low (observations: 212 ± 112 pg m−3, model: 67 ± 44 pg m−3). The highest Hg(II) concentrations, 300–680 pg m−3, were observed in dry (RH < 35 %) and clean air masses during two flights over Texas at 5–7 km altitude and off the North Carolina coast at 1–3 km. The GEOS-Chem model, back trajectories and observed chemical tracers for these air masses indicate subsidence and transport from the upper and middle troposphere of the subtropical anticyclones, where fast oxidation of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) to Hg(II) and lack of Hg(II) removal lead to efficient accumulation of Hg(II). We hypothesize that the most likely explanation for the model bias is a systematic underestimate of the Hg(0) + Br reaction rate. We find that sensitivity simulations with tripled bromine radical concentrations or a faster oxidation rate constant for Hg(0) + Br, result in 1.5–2 times higher modeled Hg(II) concentrations and improved agreement with the observations. The modeled tropospheric lifetime of Hg(0) against oxidation to Hg(II) decreases from 5 months in the base simulation to 2.8–1.2 months in our sensitivity simulations. In order to maintain the modeled global burden of THg, we need to increase the in-cloud reduction of Hg(II), thus leading to faster chemical cycling between Hg(0) and Hg(II). Observations and model results for the NOMADSS campaign suggest that the subtropical anticyclones are significant global sources of Hg(II).
In the lowermost layer of the atmosphere—the troposphere—ozone is an important source of the hydroxyl radical, an oxidant that breaks down most pollutants and some greenhouse gases. High ...concentrations of tropospheric ozone are toxic, however, and have a detrimental effect on human health and ecosystem productivity. Moreover, tropospheric ozone itself acts as an effective greenhouse gas. Much of the present tropospheric ozone burden is a consequence of anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors resulting in widespread increases in ozone concentrations since the late 1800s. At present, east Asia has the fastest-growing ozone precursor emissions. Much of the springtime east Asian pollution is exported eastwards towards western North America. Despite evidence that the exported Asian pollution produces ozone, no previous study has found a significant increase in free tropospheric ozone concentrations above the western USA since measurements began in the late 1970s. Here we compile springtime ozone measurements from many different platforms across western North America. We show a strong increase in springtime ozone mixing ratios during 1995–2008 and we have some additional evidence that a similar rate of increase in ozone mixing ratio has occurred since 1984. We find that the rate of increase in ozone mixing ratio is greatest when measurements are more heavily influenced by direct transport from Asia. Our result agrees with previous modelling studies, which indicate that global ozone concentrations should be increasing during the early part of the twenty-first century as a result of increasing precursor emissions, especially at northern mid-latitudes, with western North America being particularly sensitive to rising Asian emissions. We suggest that the observed increase in springtime background ozone mixing ratio may hinder the USA’s compliance with its ozone air quality standard.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate silica infiltration into dental zirconia (VITA In-Ceram 2000 YZ, Vita Zahnfabrik) and its effects on zirconia’s surface characteristics, ...structural homogeneity and bonding to a resin cement. Methods Infiltration was performed by immersion of the pre-sintered zirconia specimens in silica sols for five days (ZIn). Negative (pure zirconia specimens, ZCon-) and positive controls (specimens kept in water for 5 days, ZCon+) were also performed. After sintering, the groups were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), grazing angle X-ray diffraction (DRXR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurements, optical profilometry, biaxial flexural test and shear bonding test. Weibull analysis was used to determine the Weibull modulus (m) and characteristic strength (σ0 ) of all groups. Results There were no major changes in strength for the infiltrated group, and homogeneity (m) was also increased. A layer of ZrSiO4 was formed on the surface. The bond strength to resin cement was improved after zirconia infiltration, acid conditioning and the use of an MDP primer. Conclusion The sol-gel method is an efficient and simple method to increase the homogeneity of zirconia. Infiltration also improved bonding to resin cement. Clinical significance The performance of a zirconia infiltrated by silica gel improved in at least two ways: structural homogeneity and bonding to resin cement. The infiltration is simple to perform and can be easily managed in a prosthesis laboratory.
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•The biodegradation potential of 1,2-DCA and VC is proposed at three field sites.•Site-Specific Limiting Factors are presented to Biodegradation of 1,2-DCA and VC.•Hydrogeological, ...geochemical and qPCR data are presented to explain biodegradation.•Dehalococcoides proved to be a key dechlorinator to VC and chlorinated ethanes.•Biodegradation is a viable strategy to chlorinated ethanes and VC.
This paper investigates the feasibility of applying in-situ Bioremediation (ISB) to three sites contaminated with vinyl chloride and/or chlorinated alkanes such as 1,2-DCA and 1,1,2-TCA, presenting distinct hydrogeological settings and history of contaminant loading. Biotransformation of these compounds is well established in laboratory studies and pure cultures. Due to confidential aspects, however, few field data are available to support real case studies to the predictability of their fate and lifetime in soil and groundwater. Bio-Trap® In Situ Microcosm (ISM) studies were performed in selected monitoring wells, and consisted of a control unit which simulated Monitored Natural Attenuation conditions and other units which were amended with either lactate, emulsified vegetable oil (EVO) or molasses as electron donors. For wells with moderate Dhc counts, the ISM study demonstrated that electron donor addition could stimulate further growth of Dhc and enhance reductive dechlorination. Conversely, for wells with high population counts, substrate addition did not alter results significantly. Site-specific determining factors that most influenced the biodegradation results were microbial activity, soil texture and presence of organic matter, site pH, redox conditions and presence of free phase.
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