The confinement recommended during COVID-19 pandemic could affect behavior and health.
We conducted a self-reported survey in northern Italy to observe the lockdown effects on lifestyle changes and ...to assess their determinants. Prevalence Odds Ratio and Prevalence Risk Ratio were determined.
490 adults (84% female) completed the survey: 13% and 43% reported improved and unchanged sleep quality, respectively, while 43% had insomnia symptoms. Among the 272 active subjects in pre-lockdown, 14% continued habitual exercising, 18% increased it and 68% reduced it; 27% of sedentary subjects started physical exercise; 34% reported an improvement in diet quality; 42% increased food intake and 13% decreased it; and 38% of the smokers increased cigarette consumption. Age and the pre-lockdown habit of regular physical exercising were the mainly determinants of lifestyle changes whereas BMI, gender, and the presence of chronic diseases did not. Living with other people increased the likelihood of increasing the food intake (
= 0.002).
More than a third of people were able to positively reorganize their lives during the forced home confinement. It is worth to disseminate information to preserve a healthy lifestyle even when confined at home.
Accumulating literature is providing evidence that the gut microbiota is involved in metabolic disorders, but the question of how to effectively modulate it to restore homeostasis, especially in the ...elderly, is still under debate. In this study, we profiled the intestinal microbiota of 20 elderly obese women (EO) at the baseline (T0), after 15 days of hypocaloric Mediterranean diet administered as part of a nutritional-metabolic rehabilitation program for obesity (T1), and after a further 15 days of the same diet supplemented with a probiotic mix (T2). Fecal samples were characterized by Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The EO microbiota showed the typical alterations found in obesity, namely, an increase in potential pro-inflammatory components (i.e.,
) and a decrease in health-promoting, short-chain fatty acid producers (i.e.,
and
members), with a tendency to reduced biodiversity. After 15 days of the rehabilitation program, weight decreased by (2.7 ± 1.5)% and the gut microbiota dysbiosis was partially reversed, with a decline of
and an increase in leanness-related taxa. During the next 15 days of diet and probiotics, weight dropped further by (1.2 ± 1.1)%, markers of oxidative stress improved, and
, a mucin degrader with beneficial effects on host metabolism, increased significantly. These findings support the relevant role of a correct dietetic approach, even in the short term, to modulate the EO gut microbiota towards a metabolic health-related configuration, counteracting the increased risk of morbidity in these patients.
Reduction of Macrophage Infiltration and Chemoattractant Gene Expression Changes in White Adipose Tissue of Morbidly Obese
Subjects After Surgery-Induced Weight Loss
Raffaella Cancello 1 ,
Corneliu ...Henegar 1 2 ,
Nathalie Viguerie 3 ,
Soraya Taleb 1 ,
Christine Poitou 1 ,
Christine Rouault 1 ,
Muriel Coupaye 1 ,
Veronique Pelloux 1 ,
Danielle Hugol 4 ,
Jean-Luc Bouillot 5 ,
Anne Bouloumié 3 6 ,
Giorgio Barbatelli 7 ,
Saverio Cinti 7 ,
Per-Arne Svensson 8 ,
Gregory S. Barsh 9 ,
Jean-Daniel Zucker 1 10 ,
Arnaud Basdevant 1 ,
Dominique Langin 3 and
Karine Clément 1
1 Inserm “Avenir”, Paris 6 University EA3502 and Human Research Center on Nutrition (CRNH), Hôtel Dieu Hospital, AP/HP, Paris,
France
2 SPIM “Santé publique et informatique médicale” laboratory, INSERM ERM202, Paris, France
3 INSERM UPS U586, Obesity Research Unit, Louis Bugnard Institute, Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, France
4 Department of Anatomo-Pathology, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
5 Department of Surgery, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
6 Cardiovascular Physiology Department, J.-W. Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
7 Institute of Normal Human Morphology-Anatomy, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
8 Department of Internal Medicine, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sahlgrenska Academy, Goteborg University,
Goteborg, Sweden
9 Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Howard Hugues Medical Institute, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine,
Stanford, California
10 LIM & BIO, Paris-Nord University, Paris, France
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Karine Clément, MD, PhD, Department of Nutrition, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, 1, Place
du Parvis Notre-Dame, 75004 Paris, France. E-mail: karine.clement{at}htd.ap-hop-paris.fr
Abstract
In human obesity, the stroma vascular fraction (SVF) of white adipose tissue (WAT) is enriched in macrophages. These cells
may contribute to low-grade inflammation and to its metabolic complications. Little is known about the effect of weight loss
on macrophages and genes involved in macrophage attraction. We examined subcutaneous WAT (scWAT) of 7 lean and 17 morbidly
obese subjects before and 3 months after bypass surgery. Immunomorphological changes of the number of scWAT-infiltrating macrophages
were evaluated, along with concomitant changes in expression of SVF-overexpressed genes. The number of scWAT-infiltrating
macrophages before surgery was higher in obese than in lean subjects (HAM56+/CD68+; 22.6 ± 4.3 vs. 1.4 ± 0.6%, P < 0.001). Typical “crowns” of macrophages were observed around adipocytes. Drastic weight loss resulted in a significant
decrease in macrophage number (−11.63 ± 2.3%, P < 0.001), and remaining macrophages stained positive for the anti-inflammatory protein interleukin 10. Genes involved in
macrophage attraction (monocyte chemotactic protein MCP-1, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor PLAUR, and colony-stimulating
factor CSF-3) and hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α HIF-1α), expression of which increases in obesity and decreases
after surgery, were predominantly expressed in the SVF. We show that improvement of the inflammatory profile after weight
loss is related to a reduced number of macrophages in scWAT. MCP-1, PLAUR, CSF-3, and HIF-1α may play roles in the attraction
of macrophages in scWAT.
CRP, C-reactive protein
CSF, colony-stimulating factor
GO, Gene Ontology Consortium
FDR, false discovery rate
HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
IL, interleukin
MCP, monocyte chemotactic protein
ORO, orosomucoid
PLAUR, plasminogen activator urokinase receptor
RTqPCR, real-time quantitative PCR
SAA, serum amyloid A
SAM, significance analysis of microarrays
scWAT, subcutaneous WAT
SVF, stroma vascular fraction
WAT, white adipose tissue
Footnotes
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore
be hereby marked “ advertisement ” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Accepted May 16, 2005.
Received January 17, 2005.
DIABETES
Increased Infiltration of Macrophages in Omental Adipose Tissue Is Associated With Marked Hepatic Lesions in Morbid Human
Obesity
Raffaella Cancello 1 2 3 ,
Joan Tordjman 1 2 3 ,
Christine Poitou 1 2 ...3 ,
Gaël Guilhem 1 2 3 ,
Jean Luc Bouillot 4 ,
Danielle Hugol 5 ,
Christiane Coussieu 6 ,
Arnaud Basdevant 1 2 3 ,
Avner Bar Hen 7 ,
Pierre Bedossa 8 9 ,
Michèle Guerre-Millo 1 2 3 and
Karine Clément 1 2 3
1 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U755 Nutriomique, Paris, France
2 Pierre and Marie Curie-Paris 6 University, Faculty of Medicine, Les Cordeliers, IFR58, Paris, France
3 Nutrition Department, AP-HP, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
4 Surgery Department, AP-HP, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
5 Anatomo-Pathology Department, AP-HP, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
6 Biochemistry Department, AP-HP, Hôtel Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
7 LIM and BIO, Paris 13 University, Bobigny, France
8 Pathology Department, AP-HP Beaujon Hospital, Clichy France
9 National Center for Scientific Research, Unité Mixte de Recherche 149, Paris, France
Address correspondence and reprint requests to Prof. Karine Clément, INSERM, U755 Nutriomique, Service de Nutrition, Hôtel-Dieu,
1 Place du Parvis Notre-Dame, 75004 Paris, France. E-mail: karine.clement{at}htd.ap-hop-paris.fr
Abstract
In human obesity, white adipose tissue (WAT) is enriched in macrophages. How macrophage infiltration in WAT contributes to
the complications of obesity is unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that recruitment of macrophages in omental WAT is
associated with hepatic damage in obese patients. Paired biopsies of subcutaneous and omental WAT and a liver biopsy were
collected during gastric surgery in 46 obese women and 9 obese men (BMI 47.9 ± 0.93 kg/m 2 ). The number of HAM56+ macrophages in WAT was quantified microscopically, and correlations with clinical and biological parameters
and histological liver pathology were investigated. There were twice as many macrophages in omental as in subcutaneous WAT
( P < 0.0001). After adjustment for age, omental WAT macrophage infiltration was correlated to fasting glucose and insulin, quantitative
insulin sensitivity check index, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase. We propose
an easy equation to estimate the amount of macrophages in omental WAT. Increased macrophage accumulation specifically in omental
WAT was associated with hepatic fibroinflammatory lesions ( P = 0.01). The best predictive model for the severity of hepatic damage includes adiponectinemia, AST, and omental WAT macrophages.
These data suggest that the presence of macrophages in omental WAT participates in the cellular mechanisms favoring hepatic
fibroinflammatory lesions in obese patients.
AST, aspartate aminotransferase
γGT, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase
NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index
TBS-TC, Tris-buffered saline/Tween 20/casein 0.02 mol/l solution
TNF, tumor necrosis factor
WAT, white adipose tissue
Footnotes
R.C. and J.T. contributed equally to this work.
DOI: 10.2337/db06-0133
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore
be hereby marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Accepted March 2, 2006.
Received January 31, 2006.
DIABETES
The forced isolation due to the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted the lifestyle intervention programs for people with obesity. This study aimed to assess: (1) the behaviors of subjects with obesity ...towards medical care during the pandemic and (2) their interest in following a remotely delivered multidisciplinary program for weight loss. An online self-made survey addressed to subjects with obesity was linked to the official website of our institute. Four hundred and six subjects completed the questionnaire (90% females, 50.2 ± 11.6 years). Forty-six percent of the subjects cancelled any scheduled clinical assessments during the pandemic, 53% of whom had chronic disease. Half of the subjects were prone to following a remotely delivered lifestyle intervention, especially with a well-known health professional. About 45% of the respondents were favorable towards participating in remote psychological support and nutritional intervention, while 60% would practice physical activity with online tools. Male subjects and the elderly were more reluctant than those female and younger, especially for online psychological support. Our survey showed an interest on the part of the subjects with obesity to join a multidisciplinary weight loss intervention remotely delivered. Male subjects and the elderly seem less attracted to this intervention, and this result highlights that, even with telemedicine, the approach to weight management should be tailored.
Crohn's disease (CD) is notably characterized by the expansion of visceral fat with small adipocytes expressing a high proportion of anti-inflammatory genes. Conversely, visceral fat depots in ...ulcerative colitis (UC) patients have never been characterized. Our study aims were a) to compare adipocyte morphology and gene expression profile and bacterial translocation in omental (OM) and mesenteric (MES) adipose tissue of patients with UC and CD, and b) to investigate the effect of bacterial infection on adipocyte proliferation in vitro. Specimens of OM and MES were collected from 11 UC and 11 CD patients, processed and examined by light microscopy. Gene expression profiles were evaluated in adipocytes isolated from visceral adipose tissue using microarray and RTqPCR validations. Bacteria within adipose tissue were immuno-detected by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Adipocytes were incubated with Enterococcus faecalis and cells counted after 24 h. Morphology and molecular profile of OM and MES revealed that UC adipose tissue is less inflamed than CD adipose tissue. Genes linked to inflammation, bacterial response, chemotaxis and angiogenesis were down-regulated in adipocytes from UC compared to CD, whereas genes related to metallothioneins, apoptosis pathways and growth factor binding were up-regulated. A dense perinuclear positivity for Enterococcus faecalis was detected in visceral adipocytes from CD, whereas positivity was weak in UC. In vitro bacterial infection was associated with a five-fold increase in the proliferation rate of OM preadipocytes. Compared to UC, visceral adipose tissue from CD is more inflamed and more colonized by intestinal bacteria, which increase adipocyte proliferation. The influence of bacteria stored within adipocytes on the clinical course of IBD warrants further investigations.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Obesity is a major risk factor for a large number of secondary diseases, including cancer. Specific insights into the role of gender differences and secondary comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes ...(T2D) and cancer risk, are yet to be fully identified. The aim of this study is thus to find a correlation between the transcriptional deregulation present in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese patients and the oncogenic signature present in multiple cancers, in the presence of T2D, and considering gender differences. The subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of five healthy, normal-weight women, five obese women, five obese women with T2D and five obese men were subjected to RNA-sequencing, leading to the identification of deregulated coding and non-coding RNAs, classified for their oncogenic score. A panel of DE RNAs was validated via Real-Time PCR and oncogene expression levels correlated the oncogenes with anthropometrical parameters, highlighting significant trends. For each analyzed condition, we identified the deregulated pathways associated with cancer, the prediction of possible prognosis for different cancer types and the lncRNAs involved in oncogenic networks and tissues. Our results provided a comprehensive characterization of oncogenesis correlation in SAT, providing specific insights into the possible molecular targets implicated in this process. Indeed, the identification of deregulated oncogenes also in SAT highlights hypothetical targets implicated in the increased oncogenic risk in highly obese subjects. These results could shed light on new molecular targets to be specifically modulated in obesity and highlight which cancers should receive the most attention in terms of better prevention in obesity-affected patients.
ABSTRACT
Adipose tissue produces inflammation and immunity molecules suspected to be involved in obesity‐related complications. The pattern of expression and the nutritional regulation of these ...molecules in humans are poorly understood. We analyzed the gene expression profiles of subcutaneous white adipose tissue from 29 obese subjects during very low calorie diet (VLCD) using cDNA microarray and reverse transcription quantitative PCR. The patterns of expression were compared with that of 17 non‐obese subjects. We determined whether the regulated genes were expressed in adipocytes or stromavascular fraction cells. Gene expression profiling identified 100 inflammation‐related transcripts that are regulated in obese individuals when eating a 28 day VLCD but not a 2 day VLCD. Cluster analysis showed that the pattern of gene expression in obese subjects after 28 day VLCD was closer to the profile of lean subjects than to the pattern of obese subjects before VLCD. Weight loss improves the inflammatory profile of obese subjects through a decrease of proinflammatory factors and an increase of anti‐inflammatory molecules. The genes are expressed mostly in the stromavascular fraction of adipose tissue, which is shown to contain numerous macrophages. The beneficial effect of weight loss on obesity‐related complications may be associated with the modification of the inflammatory profile in adipose tissue.— Clément, K., Viguerie, N., Poitou, C., Carette, C., Pelloux, V., Curat, C. A., Sicard, A., Rome, S., Benis, A., Zucker, J.‐D., Vidal, H., Laville, M., Barsh, G. S., Basdevant, A., Stich, V., Cancello R., Langin, D. Weight loss regulates inflammation‐related genes in white adipose tissue of obese subjects. FASEB J. 18, 1657–1669 (2004)
Background: Telomere length (TL) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number shifts are linked to metabolic abnormalities, and possible modifications by diet-induced weight loss are poorly explored. We ...investigated the variations before (T0) and after a 1-year (T12) lifestyle intervention (diet + physical activity) in a group of outpatients with obesity. Methods: Patients aged 25−70 years with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 were enrolled. Clinical and biochemical assessments (including a blood sample for TL, mtDNA copy number and total antioxidant capacity, and TAC determinations) were performed at T0 and T12. Results: The change in TL and the mtDNA copy number was heterogeneous and not significantly different at T12. Patients were then divided by baseline TL values into lower than median TL (L-TL) and higher than median TL (H-TL) groups. The two groups did not differ at baseline for anthropometric, clinical, and laboratory characteristics. At T12, the L-TL group when compared to H-TL showed TL elongation (respectively, +0.57 ± 1.23 vs. −2.15 ± 1.13 kbp, p = 0.04), higher mtDNA copy number (+111.5 ± 478.5 vs. −2314.8 ± 724.2, respectively, p < 0.001), greater weight loss (−8.1 ± 2.7 vs. −6.1 ± 4.6 Kg, respectively, p = 0.03), fat mass reduction (−1.42 ± 1.3 vs. −1.22 ± 1.5%, respectively, p = 0.04), and increased fat-free mass (+57.8 ± 6.5 vs. +54.9 ± 5.3%, respectively, p = 0.04) and TAC levels (+58.5 ± 18.6 vs. +36.4 ± 24.1 µM/L, respectively, p = 0.04). Conclusions: TL and the mtDNA copy number significantly increased in patients with obesity and with lower baseline TL values after a 1-year lifestyle intervention. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the results of this pilot study.
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