Prebiotics in obesity Carnahan, S; Balzer, A; Panchal, S K ...
Panminerva medica
56, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Obesity was probably rare in ancient times, with the current increase starting in the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century, and becoming much more widespread from about 1950, so concurrent ...with the increased consumption of carbohydrates from cereals in the Green Revolution. However, dietary components such as oligosaccharides from plants including cereals may improve health following fermentation to short-chain carboxylic acids in the intestine by bacteria which constitute of the microbiome. Such non-digestible and fermentable components of diet, called prebiotics, have been part of the human diet since at least Palaeolithic times, and include components of the cereals domesticated in the Neolithic Revolution. If consumption of these cereals has now increased, why is obesity increasing? One reason could be lowered prebiotic intake combined with increased intake of simple sugars, thus changing the bacteria in the microbiome. Processing of food has played an important role in this change of diet composition. Since obesity is a low-grade inflammation, changing the microbiome by increased consumption of simple carbohydrates and saturated fats may lead to obesity via increased systemic inflammation. Conversely, there is now reasonable evidence that increased dietary prebiotic intake decreases inflammation, improves glucose metabolism and decreases obesity. Would widespread increases in prebiotics in the modern diet, so mimicking Palaeolithic or Neolithic nutrition, decrease the incidence and morbidity of obesity in our communities?
In species where females mate with multiple males during a single ovulatory cycle, sperm competition is hypothesized to increase the rate of adaptive evolution of proteins expressed in male ...reproductive tissues through recurrent selective sweeps (positive selection). The hominoids, comprising apes and humans, are a group of closely related primates with extensive variation in mating behaviors and predicted levels of sperm competition. Since previous studies of individual male reproductive genes have shown evidence of positive selection, we estimated rates of evolution of a comprehensive set of proteins expressed in ejaculated semen. Our results show that these proteins in hominoids do not have elevated rates of nonsynonymous substitutions (
Ka
) compared with a control dataset of nonreproductive genes. Species with greater sperm competition do not have faster rates of seminal protein evolution. Although at these broad levels our hypotheses were not confirmed, further analyses indicate specific patterns of molecular evolution. Namely, the
Ka
of seminal genes is more strongly correlated with measures of tissue specificity than nonreproductive genes, suggesting that the former may more readily adapt to tissue-specific functions. Proteins expressed from the seminal vesicles evolve more rapidly than those from other male reproductive tissues. Also, several gene ontology categories show elevated rates of protein evolution, not seen in the control data set. While the generalization that male reproductive genes evolve rapidly in hominoids is an oversimplification, a subset of proteins can be identified that are likely targets for adaptive evolution driven by sexual selection.
Highly fluorinated tris(pyrazolyl)borate ligand HB(3,5-(CF
3)
2Pz)
3
− has been used in the isolation of air- and light-stable silver complex, HB(3,5-(CF
3)
2Pz)
3Ag(OSMe
2). It is a monomeric ...tetrahedral silver complex with an O-bonded dimethylsulfoxide ligand. The silver adduct HB(3,5-(CF
3)
2Pz)
3Ag(OSMe
2) and the related HB(3,5-(CF
3)
2Pz)
3 Ag(THF) (where OSMe
2
=
dimethyl sulfoxide; THF
=
tetrahydrofuran) show good antibacterial activity, and their antimicrobial efficacy against
Staphylococcus aureus is greater than those of AgNO
3 and silver sulfadiazine.
A newly developed method for sequence recognition by hybridization to short oligomers is verified for the first time in genome-scale experiments. The experiments involved hybridization of 15,328 ...randomly selected 2-kb genomic clones of Escherichia coli with 997 short oligomer probes to detect complementary oligomers within the clones. Lists of oligomers detected within individual clones were compiled into a database. The database was then searched using known E. coli sequences as queries. The goal was to recognize the clones that are identical or similar to the query sequences. A total of 76 putative recognitions were tested in two separate but complementary recognition experiments. The results indicate high specificity of recognition. Current and prospective applications of this novel method are discussed.
A recently isolated human alphoid DNA (in plasmid pHH550) has been sequenced and found to have an exceptionally high degree of similarity to the human alphoid consensus sequence, while its component ...monomers are unusually heterogeneous in sequence. In contrast to other alphoid DNAs, this DNA is found in all primates tested. Thus this may be an evolutionarily old sequence similar to the one from which other human alphoid DNAs diverged. The pHH550 sequences are found on a number of human chromosomes, including 21 and 22. On chromosome 21 most members of this new sequence group are located distal to other alphoid DNAs.
A new tandemly repetitive sequence family, having the 170 bp basic repeat characteristic of alphoid sequences, has been identified in the human genome. Its organization in the whole genome and on ...chromosome 21 is different from that of any of the previously described alphoid families. Members of this new family are unusually heterogeneous in sequence, and there are a number of variant sequence classes. Some of the variant classes exist in separate genomic domains, and even on a single chromosome the members of such a class are not significantly intermixed with members of another class.
The drive for accountability in human services puts pressure on nonprofit agencies to develop performance measurement systems. But efforts to build capacity in this area have been hindered by the ...lack of instruments to evaluate the quality of proposed performance measurement systems. The Performance Accountability Quality Scale (PAQS) attempts to fill this gap. The instrument was field-tested on 191 program performance measurement systems developed by nonprofit agencies in Central Florida. Preliminary findings indicate that PAQS provides a structure for obtaining expert opinions based on a theory-driven model about the quality of a proposed measurement system in a not-for-profit agency. The instrument also is useful for assessing agency needs for technical assistance and for evaluating progress in the development of performance measurement systems. Further study is needed to test PAQS in other settings and to explore new areas of research in outcome evaluation.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IJS, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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