•Minocycline ameliorate chronic mild stress-induced depressive behaviors.•We found a correlation between presence of phagocytic microglia and loss of neurogenesis.•Minocycline directly blocks ...increased ERK1/2 and phagocytic activity of activated microglia.•Provide mechanistic insight on how minocycline alleviates behavioral resulted from depression.
Clinical studies examining the potential of anti-inflammatory agents, specifically of minocycline, as a treatment for depression has shown promising results. However, mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of minocycline need to be provided. We evaluated the effect of minocycline on chronic mild stress (CMS) induced depressive-like behavior, and behavioral assays revealed minocycline ameliorate depressive behaviors. Multiple studies suggest a role of microglia in depression, revealing that microglia activation correlates with a decrease in neurogenesis and increased depressive-like behavior. The effect of minocycline on microglia activation in different areas of the dorsal or ventral hippocampus in stressed mice was examined by immunohistochemistry. We observed the increase in the number of activated microglia expressing CD68 after exposure to three weeks of chronic stress, whereas no changes in total microglia number were observed. These changes were observed throughout the DG, CA1 and CA2 regions in dorsal hippocampus but restricted to the DG of the ventral hippocampus. In vitro experiments including western blotting and phagocytosis assay were used to investigate the effect of minocycline on microglia activation. Activation of primary microglia by LPS in vitro causes and ERK1/2 activation, enhancement of iNOS expression and phagocytic activity, and alterations in cellular morphology that are reversed by minocycline exposure, suggesting that minocycline directly acts on microglia to reduce phagocytic potential. Our results suggest the most probable mechanism by which minocycline reverses the pathogenic phagocytic potential of neurotoxic M1 microglia, and reduces the negative phenotypes associated with reduced neurogenesis caused by exposure to chronic stress.
The identification of geographic areas where the densities of animals are highest across their annual cycles is a crucial step in conservation planning. In marine environments, however, it can be ...particularly difficult to map the distribution of species, and the methods used are usually biased towards adults, neglecting the distribution of other life‐history stages even though they can represent a substantial proportion of the total population.
Here we develop a methodological framework for estimating population‐level density distributions of seabirds, integrating tracking data across the main life‐history stages (adult breeders and non‐breeders, juveniles and immatures). We incorporate demographic information (adult and juvenile/immature survival, breeding frequency and success, age at first breeding) and phenological data (average timing of breeding and migration) to weight distribution maps according to the proportion of the population represented by each life‐history stage.
We demonstrate the utility of this framework by applying it to 22 species of albatrosses and petrels that are of conservation concern due to interactions with fisheries. Because juveniles, immatures and non‐breeding adults account for 47%–81% of all individuals of the populations analysed, ignoring the distributions of birds in these stages leads to biased estimates of overlap with threats, and may misdirect management and conservation efforts. Population‐level distribution maps using only adult distributions underestimated exposure to longline fishing effort by 18%–42%, compared with overlap scores based on data from all life‐history stages.
Synthesis and applications. Our framework synthesizes and improves on previous approaches to estimate seabird densities at sea, is applicable for data‐poor situations, and provides a standard and repeatable method that can be easily updated as new tracking and demographic data become available. We provide scripts in the R language and a Shiny app to facilitate future applications of our approach. We recommend that where sufficient tracking data are available, this framework be used to assess overlap of seabirds with at‐sea threats such as overharvesting, fisheries bycatch, shipping, offshore industry and pollutants. Based on such an analysis, conservation interventions could be directed towards areas where they have the greatest impact on populations.
Translated Resumen
La identificación de áreas geográficas donde las densidades de animales son más altas de acuerdo a sus ciclos anuales es un paso crucial en la planificación de la conservación. Sin embargo, en ambientes marinos, puede ser particularmente difícil mapear la distribución de especies, y los métodos utilizados generalmente están sesgados hacia los adultos, sin tener en cuenta la distribución de individuos en otras etapas de su ciclo de vida que pueden representar una proporción sustancial de la población total.
Aquí desarrollamos una metodología para estimar las densidades a nivel de población de aves marinas, integrando datos de seguimiento para todas las etapas principales de su ciclo de vida (adultos reproductores y no reproductores, juveniles e inmaduros). Incorporamos información demográfica (supervivencia de adultos y juveniles/inmaduros, frecuencia y éxito de reproducción, edad en la primera reproducción) y datos fenológicos (tiempo promedio de reproducción y migración) para ponderar los mapas de distribución de acuerdo con la proporción de la población representada por cada etapa de vida.
Demostramos la utilidad de esta metodología al aplicarla a 22 especies de albatros y petreles que se encuentran muchas veces amenazados debido a las interacciones con las pesquerías. Debido a que los juveniles, los inmaduros y los adultos no reproductores representan el 47%–81% de todos los individuos de las poblaciones analizadas, ignorar la distribución de las aves en estas etapas lleva a estimaciones sesgadas del solapamiento de estas aves con amenazas, y puede conducir a esfuerzos de conservación y manejo erróneos. Los mapas de distribución a nivel de población que usan solo distribuciones de adultos subestimaron la exposición al esfuerzo de pesca con palangre en un 18 al 42%, en comparación con el solapamiento estimado utilizando datos de todas las etapas de vida.
Síntesis y aplicaciones. Nuestro método sintetiza y mejora los enfoques anteriores para estimar las densidades de aves marinas en el mar, incluso en situaciones de escasez de datos, y proporciona una metodología estándar y repetible que se puede actualizar fácilmente a medida que se disponga de nuevos datos demográficos y de seguimiento. Proporcionamos scripts en el lenguaje R y una aplicación Shiny para facilitar futuras aplicaciones de nuestro enfoque. Recomendamos que, cuando haya suficientes datos de seguimiento disponibles, este método se utilice para evaluar el solapamiento de las aves marinas con sus amenazas en el mar, como la sobreexplotación pesquera, la captura incidental de la pesca, el transporte marítimo, la industria en alta mar y los contaminantes. Con base en dicho análisis, las intervenciones de conservación podrían dirigirse hacia áreas que tengan el mayor impacto en las poblaciones.
Our framework synthesizes and improves on previous approaches to estimate seabird densities at sea, is applicable for data‐poor situations, and provides a standard and repeatable method that can be easily updated as new tracking and demographic data become available. We provide scripts in the r language and a Shiny app to facilitate future applications of our approach. We recommend that where sufficient tracking data are available, this framework be used to assess overlap of seabirds with at‐sea threats such as overharvesting, fisheries bycatch, shipping, offshore industry and pollutants. Based on such an analysis, conservation interventions could be directed towards areas where they have the greatest impact on populations.
Incidental mortality (bycatch) in fisheries remains the greatest threat to many large marine vertebrates and is a major barrier to fisheries sustainability. Robust assessments of bycatch risk are ...crucial for informing effective mitigation strategies, but are hampered by missing information on the distributions of key life‐history stages (adult breeders and non‐breeders, immatures and juveniles).
Using a comprehensive biologging dataset (1,692 tracks, 788 individuals) spanning all major life‐history stages, we assessed spatial overlap of four threatened seabird populations from South Georgia, with longline and trawl fisheries in the Southern Ocean. We generated monthly population‐level distributions, weighting each life‐history stage according to population age structure based on demographic models. Specifically, we determined where and when birds were at greatest potential bycatch risk, and from which fleets.
Overlap with both pelagic and demersal longline fisheries was highest for black‐browed albatrosses, then white‐chinned petrels, wandering and grey‐headed albatrosses, whereas overlap with trawl fisheries was highest for white‐chinned petrels.
Hotspots of fisheries overlap occurred in all major ocean basins, but particularly the south‐east and south‐west Atlantic Ocean (longline and trawl) and south‐west Indian Ocean (pelagic longline). Overlap was greatest with pelagic longline fleets in May–September, when fishing effort south of 25°S is highest, and with demersal and trawl fisheries in January–June. Overlap scores were dominated by particular fleets: pelagic longline—Japan, Taiwan; demersal longline and trawl—Argentina, Namibia, Falklands, South Africa; demersal longline—Convention for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) waters, Chile, New Zealand.
Synthesis and applications. We provide a framework for calculating appropriately weighted population‐level distributions from biologging data, which we recommend for future fisheries bycatch risk assessments. Many regions of high spatial overlap corresponded with high seabird bycatch rates recorded by on‐board observers, indicating that our approach reliably mapped relative bycatch risk at large spatial scales. Implementation of effective bycatch mitigation in these high‐risk regions varies considerably. Although potential bycatch risk appears to have decreased since the early 2000s, albatross and petrel populations from South Georgia and elsewhere are still declining, emphasizing the need for much improved observer coverage and monitoring of compliance with bycatch regulations.
摘要
漁業活動中的意外捕獲(bycatch)造成許多海洋脊椎動物嚴重的生存威脅，意外捕獲也是漁業永續經營的主要障礙。而對意外捕獲風險做出可靠的風險評估，對於提出有效的忌避策略至關重要，然而卻受限於缺少這些受脅物種生活史各個關鍵階段(繁殖期成鳥、非繁殖成鳥、亞成鳥、幼鳥)的分布資料。
使用獨特的全面生物資料輸入數據組(1697項追蹤、790個體)，資料涵蓋了生活史各個主要階段，我們評估了在南喬治亞4種受脅海鳥族群範圍，與在南冰洋的延繩釣及拖繩漁業作業範圍的重疊情形。將資料套用族群模式推估出族群年齡結構，再將生活史各階段賦予權重，我們製作了每月族群分布圖。我們更針對性指出特定海鳥在那一個季節、那一個海域受到意外捕獲的最高風險，以及是被那一類漁船所威脅。
與浮延繩釣及底延繩釣作業區域重疊最高的是黑眉信天翁，其次為白額鸌、漂泊信天翁、灰頭信天翁。與拖繩漁業區域重疊最高的是白額鸌。
海鳥族群與漁業重疊熱點發生在所有主要的海盆，特別是在大西洋的西南部及東南部（延繩釣及拖網漁業），印度洋西南（浮延繩釣漁業）。對於遠洋浮延繩釣船隊而言重疊度最高是在5月至9月，這時在南緯25度以南的漁業作業最頻繁，底延繩釣及拖網漁業高峰則在1月至6月。重疊指數被特定船隊所主導: 浮延繩釣為日本及臺灣; 底延繩釣及拖網為阿根廷、納米比亞、福克蘭、南非；CCAMLR海域的底延繩釣為智利、紐西蘭。
綜合及應用：我們提供了一個架構可以用生物資訊輸入數據，計算經合理權重後的族群分布，我們建議未來可應用於意外捕獲風險評估。許多高度重疊區域呼應了由隨船觀察員紀錄的高海鳥意外捕獲率，顯示出我們這個方法可製作可信度高的意外捕獲風險地圖。在這些高風險區域安排有效海鳥忌避措施的作法有相當大的差異。雖然自2000年初以來，潛在意外捕獲風險看似降低，但南喬治亞及其它地區的信天翁及水薙鳥的族群數量仍在下降，更突顯出需要改進意外捕獲規定中觀察員覆蓋度，以及改善監測漁船忌避措施規定的遵守。
要旨
漁業による偶発的な死（混獲）は未だに多くの大型海洋性脊椎動物にとって最大の脅威であり、持続可能な漁業の障害となっている。効果的な対策には頑健な混獲リスク評価が重要だが、生活環のステージごと（繁殖成体、非繁殖成体、幼体、亜成体）の分布情報の不足が妨げとなっている。
全ての主な生活環のステージを含む包括的なバイオロギングデータ（1697追跡、790個体）をもとに、サウスジョージアに生息する海鳥4種の絶滅危惧個体群と、南氷洋の延縄漁とトロール漁の空間的重複を評価した。月毎の海鳥個体群レベルの分布域の作成には、個体群統計モデルをもとに各生活環ステージの年齢構成を考慮した。特に、何時、何処で、どの船団によって海鳥が混獲リスクに晒される可能性が高いかを判定した。
浮延縄漁と底延縄漁との重複はマユグロアホウドリが最も高く、ノドジロクロミズナギドリ、ワタリアホウドリ、ハイガシラアホウドリが次いだ。トロール漁と の重複はノドジロクロミズナギドリが最も高かった。
漁業との重複が高いホットスポットは全ての主要海盆で判明したが、特に大西洋の南東域と南西域（延縄とトロール）、インド洋の南西域（浮延縄）で高かった。重複が最も高かったのは、浮延縄では南緯25度以南の漁獲努力量が最も高い5月から9月で、底延縄とトロールでは1月から6月であった。顕著に重複スコアが高かった特定の船団は以下のとおりであった：浮延縄 ‐日本、台湾；底延縄とトロール ‐ アルゼンチン、ナミビア、フォークランド諸島、南アフリカ；底延縄 ‐ CCAMLR海域、チリ、ニュージーランド。
総括と適用。今後の漁業による混獲リスク評価には、ここに示したようにバイオロギングデータをもとにした、また適切な考慮を含む、個体群レベルの分布計算の枠組みを推奨する。空間的重複が高いと推定された多くの海域では科学オブザーバーによっても高い混獲率が記録されており、この手法で混獲リスクを大きな空間スケールで的確にマッピングができることが示された。効果的な混獲対策の施行は、リスクの高い海域間で大きく異なっている。2000年代前半以降は潜在的な混獲リスクが減少したように見受けられるが、サウスジョージアやその他のアホウドリ類とミズナギドリ類の個体数は未だに減少しており、科学オブザーバーによるカバー率と混獲に関する規制順守のモニタリングの大幅な改善の必要性を強調する。
We provide a framework for calculating appropriately weighted population‐level distributions from biologging data, which we recommend for future fisheries bycatch risk assessments. Many regions of high spatial overlap corresponded with high seabird bycatch rates recorded by on‐board observers, indicating that our approach reliably mapped relative bycatch risk at large spatial scales. Implementation of effective bycatch mitigation in these high‐risk regions varies considerably. Although potential bycatch risk appears to have decreased since the early 2000s, albatross and petrel populations from South Georgia and elsewhere are still declining, emphasizing the need for much improved observer coverage and monitoring of compliance with bycatch regulations.
Microglia, the immune competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), normally exist in a resting state characterized by a ramified morphology with many processes, and become activated to ...amoeboid morphology in response to brain injury, infection, and a variety of neuroinflammatory stimuli. Many studies focused on how neurotransmitters affect microglia activation in pathophysiological circumstances. In this study, we tried to gain mechanistic insights on how dopamine (DA) released from neurons modulates cellular functions of resting and activated microglia. DA induced the reduction of the number of cellular processes, the increase of cell adhesion/spreading, and the increase of vimentin filaments in resting primary and BV
microglia. In contrast to resting cells, DA downregulated the cell spreading and phagocytosis of microglia activated by LPS. DA also significantly downregulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation in activated microglia, but not in resting microglia. Downregulation of ERK1/2 by DA in activated microglia required receptor signaling. In contrast, we found a significant increase of p38MAPK activity by DA treatment in resting, but not in activated microglia. These latter effects required the uptake of DA through the high-affinity transporter but did not require receptor signaling. Activation of p38MAPK resulted in the increase of focal adhesion number via phosphorylation of paxillin at Ser
. These results indicate that DA might have a differential, depending upon the activation stage of microglia, impact on cellular functions such as adhesion and phagocytosis.
Identifying important sites for biodiversity is vital for conservation and management. However, there is a lack of accessible, easily applied tools that enable practitioners to delineate important ...sites for highly mobile species using established criteria.
We introduce the R package ‘track2KBA’, a tool to identify important sites at the population level using tracking data from individual animals based on three key steps: (a) identifying individual core areas, (b) assessing population‐level representativeness of the sample and (c) quantifying spatial overlap among individuals and scaling up to the population.
We describe package functionality and exemplify its application using tracking data from three taxa in contrasting environments: a seal, a marine turtle and a migratory land bird.
This tool facilitates the delineation of sites of ecological relevance for diverse taxa and provides output useful for assessing their importance to a population or species, as in the Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) Standard. As such, ‘track2KBA’ can contribute directly to conservation planning at global and regional levels.
Resumo
A identificação de áreas importantes para a biodiversidade é essencial para a sua conservação. No entanto, são escassas as ferramentas acessíveis e de fácil aplicação que permitam o delineamento de áreas importantes para espécies altamente móveis usando critérios estabelecidos.
Neste estudo, apresentamos o pacote de R 'track2KBA', uma ferramenta para identificar áreas importantes ao nível populacional usando dados de seguimento de animais com base em três passos principais: (1) identificação de áreas vitais dos indivíduos, (2) avaliação da representatividade da amostra ao nível da população, (3) e quantificação da sobreposição espacial entre indivíduos e extrapolação para a populacão.
Descrevemos a funcionalidade do pacote e exemplificamos a sua aplicação usando dados de seguimento de três éspecies ‐ lobo‐marinho, tartaruga marinha e uma ave terrestre migradora‐ em ambientes contrastantes.
Esta ferramenta facilita o delineamento de áreas com relevância ecológica para diversos taxa e fornece resultados importantes para avaliar a sua importância para uma população ou espécie, utilizando por exemplo o Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) Standard. Como tal, o ‘track2KBA’ pode contribuir directamente para o planeamento da conservação a nível global e regional.
Although several Toxoplasma gondii genotyping studies have been performed in Brazil, studies of isolates from animals in the state of Minas Gerais are rare. The objective of this study was to conduct ...a genotypic characterization of T. gondii isolates obtained from dogs, free-range chickens, and humans in Minas Gerais and to verify whether the T. gondii genotypes circulating in domestic animals correspond to the genotypes detected in humans. Genetic variability was assessed by restricted fragment length polymorphism at 11 loci (SAG1, 5'+3'SAG2, SAG2 alt, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico). Twelve different genotypes were identified among the 24 isolates studied, including 8 previously identified genotypes and 4 new genotypes. The genetic relationship of the 24 T. gondii isolates, together with the genotypes previously described from 24 human newborns with congenital toxoplasmosis, revealed a high degree of similarity among the genotypes circulating in humans and animals in Minas Gerais. The most common genotypes among these species were BrII, BrIII, ToxoDB #108, and ToxoDB #206. Restricted fragment length polymorphism at the CS3 locus of these 48 isolates showed that the majority of isolates presented alleles I (50%) or II (27%). Isolates harboring allele III at the CS3 locus presented low virulence for mice, whereas those harboring alleles I or II presented higher virulence. These results confirm the utility of marker CS3 for predicting the virulence of Brazilian isolates of T. gondii in mice. No association was found between the allele type and clinical manifestations of human congenital toxoplasmosis. This is the first report of T. gondii genotyping that verifies the overlapping genotypes of T. gondii from humans and animals in the same geographic region of Brazil. Our results suggest that there is a common source of infection to the species studied, most likely oocysts contaminating the environment.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Northern corn leaf blight (NCLB), the most devastating leaf pathogen in maize (
L.), is caused by the heterothallic ascomycete
. The pathogen population shows an extremely high genetic diversity in ...tropical and subtropical regions. Varietal resistance is the most efficient technique to control NCLB. Host resistance can be qualitative based on race-specific
genes or quantitative controlled by many genes with small effects. Quantitative resistance is moderately to highly effective and should be more durable combatting all races of the pathogen. Quantitative resistance must, however, be analyzed in many environments (= location × year combinations) to select stable resistances. In the tropical and subtropical environments, quantitative resistance is the preferred option to manage NCLB epidemics. Resistance level can be increased in practical breeding programs by several recurrent selection cycles based on disease severity rating and/or by genomic selection. This review aims to address two important aspects of the NCLB pathosystem: the genetics of the fungus
and the modes of inheritance of the host plant maize, including successful breeding strategies regarding NCLB resistance. Both drivers of this pathosystem, pathogen, and host, must be taken into account to result in more durable resistance.
Dans le sertão du Minas Gerais (Brésil), les expressions « temps des fêtes » (tempo da folia) et « temps de la politique » (tempo da política), utilisées par les habitants, désignent des périodes de ...l’année durant lesquelles ils circulent plus qu’à l’habitude, intensifiant les visites qu’ils se rendent les uns les autres. La maison apparaît alors comme un lieu central doté d’une force propre qui impulse ces déplacements, créant les conditions d’un sentiment d’appartenance sociale et politique.
No Sertão de Minas Gerais (interior do Brasil), os termos nativos « tempo da folia » e « tempo da política » definem períodos nos quais a circulação de visitas se intensifica. A casa evidencia-se então como unidade central e força motriz da produção de pertencimento social e político de um povo em constante deslocamento.
In the Sertão of Minas Gerais (Brazil), the native terms « time of festivities » (tempo da folia) and « time of politics » (tempo da política) define periods in which visits become more frequent. In that context, the house asserts itself as a central unit and as the driving force of the creation of social and political belonging of a people in constant movement.
Checkpoint blockade therapies that reactivate tumour-associated T cells can induce durable tumour control and result in the long-term survival of patients with advanced cancers
. Current predictive ...biomarkers for therapy response include high levels of intratumour immunological activity, a high tumour mutational burden and specific characteristics of the gut microbiota
. Although the role of T cells in antitumour responses has thoroughly been studied, other immune cells remain insufficiently explored. Here we use clinical samples of metastatic melanomas to investigate the role of B cells in antitumour responses, and find that the co-occurrence of tumour-associated CD8
T cells and CD20
B cells is associated with improved survival, independently of other clinical variables. Immunofluorescence staining of CXCR5 and CXCL13 in combination with CD20 reveals the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures in these CD8
CD20
tumours. We derived a gene signature associated with tertiary lymphoid structures, which predicted clinical outcomes in cohorts of patients treated with immune checkpoint blockade. Furthermore, B-cell-rich tumours were accompanied by increased levels of TCF7
naive and/or memory T cells. This was corroborated by digital spatial-profiling data, in which T cells in tumours without tertiary lymphoid structures had a dysfunctional molecular phenotype. Our results indicate that tertiary lymphoid structures have a key role in the immune microenvironment in melanoma, by conferring distinct T cell phenotypes. Therapeutic strategies to induce the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures should be explored to improve responses to cancer immunotherapy.
Maize white spot (MWS) is one of the most important foliar diseases in Brazil causing significant yield losses. Breeding genotypes with MWS resistance is the most sustainable alternative for managing ...such losses; however, their genetic control is poorly understood. Our objectives were to identify genomic regions controlling MWS resistance and to explore the presence of common regions controlling resistance to MWS, grey leaf spot (GLS) and northern corn leaf blight (NCLB). We performed a multi‐parental QTL mapping for MWS and GLS resistance with a total of 474 testcrosses and phenotypic data collected in southern Brazil. Six QTLs for MWS resistance on bins 1.03, 1.04, 6.02, 8.05, 1.03, and 10.06 were detected. These findings were compared with previously reported QTLs for NCLB in the same populations, and a common QTL region (bin 8.05) controlling MWS and NCLB resistances was identified. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of MWS resistance by revealing three QTLs (bin 6.02, 1.03, and 10.06), to the best of our knowledge, not yet described in the literature, that are valuable for improving MWS resistance and one promising candidate region for multiple disease resistance.
PDF
