RESUMO O uso de adubos verdes e/ou de plantas de cobertura é uma técnica que vem sendo difundida para o cultivo de espécies medicinais, por garantir a sustentabilidade do solo agrícola, ser flexível ...em seu uso e por melhorar a atividade biológica do solo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso de culturas de cobertura para incrementar a produção de massa de plantas de vinagreira, pimenta rosa e carobinha. Foram avaliadas duas espécies de leguminosas tropicais (mucuna preta e feijão de porco) como cobertura do solo e uma testemunha (sem cultura de cobertura) e três espécies medicinais (vinagreira, pimenta rosa e carobinha). O experimento foi arranjado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, tendo nas parcelas as coberturas vegetais e nas subparcelas, as plantas medicinais. As plantas para a cobertura vegetal foram propagadas por semeadura direta no local de cultivo, enquanto as medicinais foram transplantadas diretamente entre a palhada da cobertura vegetal. A produção da mucuna preta foi de 8,37 t ha-1 de massa seca e do feijão de porco, de 14,37 t ha-1 de massa seca. O uso das culturas de cobertura contribuiu para uma maior biomassa microbiana do solo. As produções de massas frescas de folhas, caules e frutos de vinagreira e de frutos da pimenta rosa foram maiores quando cultivadas em sucessão às coberturas vegetais do solo, independente da espécie. As produções da carobinha foram semelhantes quando cultivadas em áreas com ou sem a cobertura. Visando à maior produtividade da vinagreira e pimenta rosa, são indicadas as culturas antecessoras feijão de porco e mucuna preta.
Schinus terebinthifolius is a native Brazilian plant. It is wide-spread throughout Brazil and is popularly used as a medicinal plant. Research on this plant is encouraged by the Ministry of Health to ...investigate its therapeutic potential and to ensure its distribution in the National Health System. Thus, an experiment was carried out in Dourados-MS (22°11'53.8"S and 54°56'0.12"W) to evaluate the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus levels on early development, biomass yield and chemical composition of the essential oil of Schinus terebinthifolius . Five P ₂O ₅ rates (20, 120, 200, 280 and 380 kg ha ⁻¹) and five N rates (6, 36, 60, 84 and 114 kg ha ⁻¹) were used. Treatments were defined using the Plan Puebla III matrix, resulting in nine combinations of P ₂O ₅ and N levels, respectively (kg ha ⁻¹): 280 and 84; 280 and 36; 120 and 6; 120 and 36; 120 and 84; 200 and 60; 380 and 84, 20 and 36, and 280 and 114. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. Plants were harvested 105 and 213 days after transplanting. Phosphorus and nitrogen influenced plant height (174.65 cm), stem diameter (14.32 mm), fresh mass of leaves (169.67 g plant ⁻¹) and dry matter of leaves (51.01 g plant ⁻¹). Essential oil content (0.16 ml plant ⁻¹) was also influenced. The major constituents of the essential oil were α-pinene (15.20-15.56 %), limonene (13.58-14.12 %), sabinene (8.98-9.17 %), β-pinene (8.18-8.99 %), α-copaen (8.98-9.49 %) and z-zalvene (8.56-9.19 %). Thus, we recommend harvesting 213 days after transplanting and growing plants with 249.15 P ₂O ₅ and 98 N (kg ha ⁻¹).
RESUMO:O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes composições de substratos no crescimento inicial de Campomanesia xanthocarpa, bem como avaliar índices fisiológicos. O trabalho ...foi desenvolvido em Dourados-MS, no período de janeiro a outubro de 2008. Foi estudada aCampomanesia xanthocarpa sob cinco diferentes substratos (LVd/A/O= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+Organosuper® (5:4:1 v/v); LVd/A/C= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+cama-de-frango (5:4:1 v/v); LVd/A/O2= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+Organosuper® (7:2:1 v/v); LVd/A/C2= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada+cama-de-frango (7:2:1 v/v); LVd/A= Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico+areia grossa lavada (6:4 v/v)), em vasos de 7 dm3, e mantidos em ambiente protegido com 100% de luminosidade. O substrato composto por Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico + areia grossa lavada proporcionou maior diâmetro de caule (8,29 mm), massa seca de raiz, caule e folhas (6,98; 4,49 e 9,06 g/planta, respectivamente) e aumento nos índices fisiológicos nas avaliações finais, indicando que este substrato pode ser utilizado no desenvolvimento de Campomanesia xanthocarpa.
Melatonin is a neuroendocrine transducer of circadian/circannual rhythms able to synchronize organism's physiological activity. On the basis of our recent findings on appetite regulation by melatonin ...in the zebrafish brain, the aim of this study was to evaluate melatonin's role in peripheral circuitries regulating food intake, growth, and lipid metabolism. For this purpose, the effect of two melatonin doses (100 nM and 1 μM) administered for 10 days, via water, to adult zebrafish was evaluated at both physiological and molecular levels. The major signals controlling energy homeostasis were analyzed together. Additionally, the effect of melatonin doses on muscle metabolic resources was evaluated. The results obtained indicate that melatonin reduces food intake by stimulating molecules involved in appetite inhibition, such as leptin (LPT), in the liver and intestine and MC4R, a melanocortin system receptor, in the liver. Moreover, melatonin decreases hepatic insulin-like growth factor-I (
IGF-I
) gene expression, involved in growth process and other signals involved in lipid metabolism such as proliferator-activated receptors (
PPAR
α, β, and γ) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein (
SREBP
). These results were correlated with lower levels of lipids in the muscles as evidenced by the macromolecular pools analyses. The findings obtained in this study could be of great interest for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms as the basis of food intake control and, in turn, can be a useful tool for medical and aquaculture applications.
Breeding and rearing some of the species most commonly used in the aquarium trade actually represent an economical and ecological tool for broadening development, thus the present study investigates ...captive breeding and rearing of the Sunrise Dottyback,
Pseudochromis flavivertex. Egg clutches were obtained from couples maintained in 200 L tanks under controlled conditions. Eggs were laid in PVC pipes and the male normally guarded the clutch until the fry hatched.
Hatching took place 96 h post fertilization at 27 °C. Larvae were divided into different experimental groups and fed on different feeding combinations in order to test the importance of food enrichment on larval survival, growth and metamorphosis timing. A first group (Group A) was fed on enriched
Brachionus plicatilis and enriched
Artemia nauplii; a second one (Group B) on enriched
B. plicatilis and not enriched
Artemia nauplii and a third one fed on not enriched live preys (Group C) used as control group. Live prey enrichment was essential for rearing this species. In fact, larvae fed on not enriched live preys did not past day 7. Highest survival rates (39% juveniles) were observed in Group A with respect to Group B (11% juveniles)
. Moreover, evidences of the importance of enrichment on growth and metamorphosis timing were observed since larvae reared using enriched live preys grew faster and completed metamorphosis earlier than those fed on not enriched
Artemia nauplii. The results presented here provide additional evidence of the importance of live prey enrichment in ornamental larval fish rearing.
Breeding and rearing some of the species most commonly used in the aquarium trade actually represent an economical and ecological tool for broadening development, thus the present study investigates ...captive breeding and rearing of a small goby, the cleaner goby
Gobiosoma evelynae.
Egg clutches were obtained from two couples maintained in 100-L tanks under controlled conditions. Eggs were laid in PVC pipes and the male normally guarded the nest until the fry hatched.
Hatching took place 168 h post-fertilization at 25 °C. Larvae were divided into different experimental groups and fed on different HUFAs enriched feeding combinations: naked
Euplotes sp. ciliates and small rotifers
Brachionus rotundiformis (Group A), small rotifers
B. rotundiformis and larger ones
Brachionus plicatilis (Group B) and larger rotifers
B. plicatilis solely (Group C).
Significantly higher survival rates (50% juveniles) were observed in larvae fed on the naked ciliate
Euplotes sp. and smaller rotifers
B. rotundiformis with respect to larvae fed on the larger one
B. plicatilis (10% juveniles)
. In larvae fed on the smaller rotifer
B. rotundiformis followed by the larger
B. plicatilis, a 35% survival rate was observed
. From these feeding studies, it is evident that significant differences in survival rates are already evident from day 3 post-hatch, indicating that marine ciliates are the key organism to improve
G. evelynae larvae survival and thus an alternative food source to copepod nauplii and rotifers.
The present study investigates, for the first time, critical processes in early life history in captive rearing of the lemonpeel angelfish
Centropyge flavissimus. Video recordings of courtship ...behaviors in the 300 L spawning tank showed several courtship behaviors to be similar to those described for wild fish, but courtship activities associated with harem maintenance were not observed in the captive fish. Typical courtship activity was seen on every day of observation, but gamete release occurred on only 7 of 10 observation days. The reason for the lack of gamete release was not obvious. Tank spawning began when temperature and photoperiod conditions were changed to spring and reached a maximum peak (in terms of egg number) during the summer, when the temperature was 28 °C. Egg production and fertilization rate remained relatively constant day to day and spawning continued for months at a time as long as temperature and photoperiod were maintained at optimum levels. Once the embryo hatched (15 h post fertilization) and the yolk sac stage was reabsorbed (48 h post hatching), larvae were ready to feed. Cultured
Parvocalanus sp. nauplii or size-sieved wild zooplankton were suitable first food. Proper environmental conditions included rearing the larvae at 28 °C. This study provides the first data on the influence of temperature and first food offered on larval survival in the lemonpeel angelfish.
Various Coomassie blue-staining yolk proteins (YPs) present in oocytes and eggs of Fundulus heteroclitus , a teleost that produces low hydrated, demersal eggs (benthophil species), were subjected to ...N-terminal microsequencing.
Four YPs were N-terminally blocked, while five yielded sequence information. Of the latter, four corresponded to internal
sequences of vitellogenin 1 (Vg1), whereas a fifth band corresponded to the N-terminal sequence of Vg2. Phosphorylated YPs
(phosvitins and phosvettes) derived from the polyserine domain of Vg were not successfully sequenced. The major N-terminally
blocked 122-and 103-kDa YPs both represented the lipovitellin heavy chain of Vg1 (LvH1), and thus most of the oocyte YPs were
derived from Vg1. During oocyte maturation in vivo and in vitro, the LvH1 122 is degraded, concomitant with an increased enzymatic
activity of cathepsin B, while the 45-kDa YP is converted to a 42-kDa YP. The LvH1 122 was found to contain a consensus site
for proteolytic degradation (PEST) near its C-terminus, which is missing from its stable, but truncated twin sequence, LvH1
103. We suggest that this site becomes exposed to cathepsin B during the hydration process that accompanies oocyte maturation
and renders the LvH1 122 susceptible to proteolysis. PEST sites are found in Vg sequences from other benthophil fish, whereas,
interestingly, they are missing in marine teleosts that spawn highly hydrated, pelagic eggs (pelagophil species), displaying
a different pattern of Vg incorporation into YPs and LvH1 and LvH2 processing to that found in F. heteroclitus . Thus, different models of Vg/YP precursor/product relationship and further processing during oocyte maturation and hydration
are proposed for pelagophil and benthophil teleosts.
Abstract
The vitellogenin/yolk protein precursor/product relationship and further processing during oocyte maturation in the teleost
Fundulus heteroclitus suggest different models of this mechanism for pelagophil and benthophil fish
The objective of this study was to evaluate water seasonality in the process of granting permits and the impact of irrigation in the Dourados River basin. For that, the hydrological behavior of the ...basin was analyzed. The minimal streamflows (Q.sub.7,10 and Q.sub.95), irrigation withdrawal flow (Q.sub.r) and the percent variation of the grant flows relative to monthly seasonal period in relation to the monthly withdrawal flow were obtained. The results allowed to verify that using criteria based on the monthly streamflow allows for better management of water use, because it allows for greater utilization of this resource in times with high water availability and imposes a realistic restriction during critical periods. The average annual water withdrawal for irrigation in the basin during the studied period was on the order of 2.99 m.sup.3 s.sup.-1, and the withdrawal flow in the month of highest demand (August) was 5.95 m.sup.3 s.sup.-1. Key words: water resources hydrological behavior water management O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sazonalidade hidrica no processo de concessao de outorga e o impacto da irrigacao na Bacia do Rio Dourados. Para tanto, procedeu-se a analise do comportamento hidrologico na bacia. Foram obtidas as vazoes minimas de referencia (Q.sub.7,10 e Q.sub.95), vazoes de retirada pela irrigacao (Q.sub.r), e variacao percentual das vazoes de outorga relativo ao periodo sazonal mensal em relacao a vazao de retirada mensal. Os resultados permitiram constatar que a concessao de outorga de uso dos recursos hidricos quando adotada a escala mensal garante um plano melhor de utilizacao da agua, a medida que permite seu uso no periodo em que ha disponibilidade hidrica e restringe no periodo de escassez hidrica. A vazao media anual de retirada pela irrigacao na bacia no periodo em estudo, foi da ordem de 2,99 m.sup.3 s.sup.-1, sendo a vazao de retirada no mes de maior demanda (agosto) de 5,95 m.sup.3 s.sup.-1. Palavras-chave: recursos hidricos comportamento hidrologico gestao da agua
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