In Croatia, the majority of the common bean production is based on local landraces, grown by small-scale farmers in low input production systems. Landraces are adapted to the specific growing ...conditions and agro-environments and show a great morphological diversity. These local landraces are in danger of genetic erosion caused by complex socio-economic changes in rural communities. The low profitability of farms and their small size, the advanced age of farmers and the replacement of traditional landraces with modern bean cultivars and/or other more profitable crops have been identified as the major factors affecting genetic erosion. Three hundred accessions belonging to most widely used landraces were evaluated by phaseolin genotyping and microsatellite marker analysis. A total of 183 different multi-locus genotypes in the panel of 300 accessions were revealed using 26 microsatellite markers. Out of 183 accessions, 27.32% were of Mesoamerican origin, 68.31% of Andean, while 4.37% of accessions represented putative hybrids between gene pools. Accessions of Andean origin were further classified into phaseolin type II ("H" or "C") and III ("T"), the latter being more frequent. A model-based cluster analysis based on microsatellite markers revealed the presence of three clusters in congruence with the results of phaseolin type analysis.
In the present study, ground ivy was harvested from different natural habitats in Croatia and subjected to screening analysis for nutritional and bioactive composition. To achieve maximum recovery of ...phenolic compounds, different extraction techniques were investigated-heat-assisted (HAE), microwave-assisted (MAE) and subcritical water (SWE) extraction. Prepared extracts were analysed by spectrophotometric methods, LC-MS/MS and HPLC-PAD methodologies. Results regarding nutritive analyses, conducted using standard AOAC methods, showed the abundance of samples in terms of insoluble dietary fibre, protein, calcium and potassium, while rutin, chlorogenic, cryptochlorogenic, caffeic and rosmarinic acid were the most dominant phenolic compounds. In addition, LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of apigenin and luteolin in glycosylated form. Maximum recovery of target phenolic compounds was achieved with MAE, while SWE led to the formation of new antioxidants, which is commonly known as neoformation. Moreover, efficient prediction of phenolic composition of prepared extracts was achieved using NIR spectroscopy combined with ANN modelling.
Twenty-eight basil accessions including six Ocimum species and six botanical varieties or cultivars of O. basilicum were studied using molecular markers, nuclear DNA content, and chromosome counting. ...This is the first study reporting the nuclear DNA content in the genus Ocimum. The results supported the existence of more infrageneric groups within the genus. The section Ocimum was further divided into two separate clades. The first clade contained the accessions belonging to different botanical varieties and cultivars of O. basilicum as well as O. minimum, indicating that the separate species rank of O. minimum was not justified. The second clade, comprising O. americanum, O. africanum, and two O. basilicum var. purpurascens accessions, could represent a set of allopolyploid species sharing some common parental genomes. O. tenuiflorum was the most divergent species according to genetic distance; it had the smallest genome size, organized in small chromosomes, and the lowest chromosome number. Chromosome data obtained in our research could indicate that the basic chromosome number for species belonging to section Ocimum is x = 12. This suggestion implies that species belonging to O. basilicum clade are tetraploids, while species belonging to O. americanum clade are hexaploids. It seems that the basic chromosome number for O. gratissimum could be x = 10 and for O. tenuiflorum x = 9. The differences in genome size and chromosome number among Ocimum species indicate that evolution of their genomes was accompanied by both sequence deletion/amplification and chromosome rearrangements and polyploidization.
Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) can improve phosphorus (P) nutrition and could serve as an environmentally friendly approach for sustainable crop production under P-limiting conditions. The objectives of ...this study were to assess the effect of AM on different physiological traits and to quantify the responsiveness of different basil (
L.) cultivars to AM under low P availability. The basil cultivars 'Genovese', 'Sweet Basil', 'Dark Opal', and 'Erevanskii' were inoculated (AMI) using
. Photochemical efficiency and gas exchange were measured on AMI and non-inoculated (AMC) plants and, at harvest, the shoot biomass, shoot P concentration, root morphological traits, frequency of mycorrhizas in the roots (F%), and extent of root colonization (M%) were determined. Significant differences in F% and M% were found among the examined cultivars, with the highest found in 'Dark Opal' and the lowest in 'Erevanskii'. AMI reduced the shoot biomass and increased the shoot P concentration as well as other examined root traits in 'Genovese' and 'Erevanskii', whereas it did not affect those traits in 'Dark Opal' and 'Sweet Basil', indicating differences in responsiveness to AM. AMI positively affected the gas-exchange parameters in all examined cultivars, probably due to the increased sink capacity of a bigger root system and/or AM structures within the roots.
Dalmatian pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch.Bip.) is a plant species endemic to the east Adriatic coast. The bioactive substance of Dalmatian pyrethrum is a natural insecticide, ...pyrethrin, a mixture of six active components (pyrethrins I and II, cinerins I and II, and jasmolins I and II). The insecticidal potential of pyrethrin was recognized decades ago, and dried and ground flowers have traditionally been used in Croatian agriculture and households.
A total of 25 Dalmatian pyrethrum populations from Croatia were studied to determine the pyrethrin content and composition, and to identify distinct chemotypes. The total pyrethrin content ranged from 0.36 to 1.30% (dry flower weight; DW) and the pyrethrin I/pyrethrin II ratio ranged from 0.64 to 3.33%. The statistical analyses revealed that the correlations between the percentage of pyrethrin I and of all the other components were significant and negative. The total pyrethrin content was positively correlated with the percentage of pyrethrin I and negatively correlated with cinerin II. The multivariate analysis of the chemical variability enabled the identification of five chemotypes among 25 Dalmatian pyrethrum populations. The chemical characterization of indigenous Dalmatian pyrethrum populations may serve as a good background for future breeding and agricultural exploitation.
DNA fingerprinting (AFLP) and chemical analyses of essential oils were utilized to define the extent of variation existing in the genus Ocimum. Research was carried out on 22 Ocimum accessions ...representing seven species. Concerning the essential oil composition of all investigated accessions, 115 compounds were identified. UPGMA cluster analysis, based on Euclidian distances of essential oil constituents between all pairs of accessions, showed four well-supported clusters (O. tenuiflorum, O. basilicum/O. africanum, O. basilicum, and O. americanum/O. africanum). Relating to the essential oil composition of all of ?A3B2 tlsb?> the investigated accessions, 17 compounds were identified as the main ones, and according to them 13 chemotypes were determined. AFLP relationships were determined by neighbor-joining (NJ) cluster analysis based on Dice's distance matrix and by maximum parsimony (MP) analysis. O. basilicum, O. americanum/O. afiicanum, O. tenuiflorum, and O. gratissimum represented four clusters supported with high bootstrap values. A neighbor-net diagram allowed the visualization of apparently conflicting data by revealing relationships between genotypes and chemotypes. Concerning the O. africanum species, two distinct chemotypes, geranial/neral (accession 11) and estragol (accession 10), have been established, while all the studied O. americanum accessions belong to the geranial/neral chemotype. This could be additional evidence that O. americanum is one of the parents of O. africanum. Furthermore, the fact that the O. africanum accession (10) as well as O. basilicum 'Purpurascens' and O. basilicum 'Erevanskii' accessions belong to the estragol chemotype supports the theory that O. afiicanum is one of the parents of these two O. basilicum accessions.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) exhibits a wide range of seed coat colors and this morphological trait is widely used in cultivar identification and assessment of diversity within this species. ...With an advancement in technology and informatics, new methods of assessing seed color are emerging in addition to traditionally used visual observation. Due to a great variety of color measuring techniques, the evaluation of the agreement between methods is needed prior to using the methods interchangeably. Seed coat color in terms of CIE L*a*b* color coordinates of 100 common bean accessions belonging to five mono-colored landraces was assessed using two methods, colorimeter and Computer vision. The percentage difference between the two methods across all samples for L* color coordinate was 5.81%, for a* color coordinate 23.32% and for b* color coordinate 44.44%. According to Bland-Altman difference plot there is a considerable lack of agreement between the two methods. However, using stepwise discriminant analysis revealed that colorimeter method correctly classified 97% of accessions into their respective landrace, while the classification success of the Computer vision was 99%. Keywords: colorimetry, common bean, Computer vision, landrace Grah (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pokazuje veliki raspon boja sjemene ljuske te je koristenje ove morfoloske karakteristike uobicajeno u identifikaciji kultivara i procjeni raznolikosti unutar vrste. Napretkom tehnologije i informatike pojavljuju se nove metode odredivanja boje sjemena uz klasicnu metodu vizualnog odredivanja. Zbog velikog broja tehnika odredivanja boja, potrebna je ocjena usuglasenosti izmedu metoda prije njihovog kombiniranja ili naizmjenicnog koristenja. Boja sjemena 100 primki pet jednobojnih tradicijskih kultivara graha opisana CIE L*a*b* koordinatama procijenjena je koristeci dvije metode, kolorimetar i racunalni vid. Postotna razlika izmedu dvije metode kroz sve uzorke za koordinatu L* iznosila je 5.81%, za koordinatu a* 23.32%, a za koordinatu b* 44.44%. Bland-Altmanov graf razlike pokazuje da postoji znacajan nedostatak usuglasenosti izmedu dvije metode. Koristeci postupnu diskriminantnu analizu uspjesno je klasificirano 97% primki na temelju podataka dobivenih kolorimetrom dok je klasifikacijski uspjeh racunalnog vida bio 99%. Kljucne rijeci: grah, kolorimetrija, racunalni vid, tradicijski kultivari
The aim of this paper was to determine basic technological traits and sensory acceptance of dry game sausages with addition of bay leaf (Laurus nobilis L.) essential oil. For that purpose, three ...treatments were established: controlled C, L1 with addition of 0.005% of bay leaf essential oil, and L2 with addition of 0.01% of bay leaf essential oil. Measurement of pH, water activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were performed at the end of production, while after storage for 2 months in vacuum and cold sensory hedonic test on 106 subjects was done. It was found that sausages with added bay leaf essential oil had significantly lower pH values (L1 and L2 treatment), water activity (L1 treatment) and TBARS values (L1 and L2 treatment) compared to control treatment C. Statistical analysis of sensory data revealed that sausages from C treatment were rated with significantly higher acceptability and willingness to buy than L1 and L2 treatments. It was established that sensory traits of sausages from treatment C were liked in 98.61% of consumers, from treatment L1 in 90.93%, while sausages from treatment L2 were liked in 85.71% of consumers. The highest proportion of consumers willing to buy sausages were in treatment C (91.11%), followed by sausages in treatment L1 (84.31%), and the lowest proportion were in treatment L2 (66.67%). Although beneficial impact of addition of bay leaf essential oil on technological traits was found, there was an unfavorable effect on sensory traits and willingness to buy sausages possibly due to the consumers’ existing expectation of sensory characteristics of dry game sausages.
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important legume crop. In Croatia, many different common bean landraces are grown mostly on small farms and in kitchen gardens. The aim of this research was ...to determine and compare nutrient content of Croatian common bean landraces and to test the existence of the relationship between common bean nutrient content with origin of accessions. A total of 226 common bean accessions from all over Croatia were collected, grown in unreplicated field trial at the experimental field in Zagreb, harvested and analyzed for nutrient content. Results showed high nutrient content, but clear difference between Mesoamerican and Andean gene pool regards the nutrient profile of Croatian common bean landraces was not determined. Regardless of gene pool, the average nutrient content in dry weight of Croatian common bean landraces was in range: 3.13–3.92% N, 0.49–0.57% P, 1.38–1.66% K, 0.34–0.42% Ca, 0.17–0.20% Mg, 63.75–75.77 mg Fe∙kg-1, 13.55–19.94 mg Mn∙kg-1 and 24.98–29.32 mg Zn∙kg-1. Present research provides a solid basis for future breeding programs and improvement of common bean traits.
Common bean is one of the most cultivated and consumed grain legumes worldwide, showing a high level of genetic diversity. Here is presented a detailed review of development and mapping of simple ...sequence repeats (SSRs, microsatellite markers) in the common bean. In the last 25 years, common bean has been the subject of numerous genetic studies, in which the identification and use of SSRs were conducted, and lead to the development of genetic maps. First genetic maps of common bean have been developed in the 1990s and were based on different molecular markers, and included domestication genes and important agronomic traits. Later, SSRs allowed the genetic mapping of more narrow crosses that are often of interest in plant breeding. Most genetic maps have been correlated with the core map established in the recombinant inbred population BAT93 x Jalo EEP558, and includes different markers, RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism), RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA), AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism), and SSRs in particular. More than 2,000 SSR markers are available for the common bean and they are an important tool to evaluate the genetic diversity of common bean landraces. SSRs are also useful to evaluate intra-specific diversity within the genus Phaseolus. Keywords: common bean, genetic diversity, genetic maps, microsatellite markers Grah je jedna od najvise uzgajanih i najvise koristenih zrnatih mahunarki u svijetu koja ima visoku razinu genetske raznolikosti. U ovom radu je prikazan detaljan pregled razvoja i kartiranja mikrosatelitnih biljega (SSR, ponavljajuce jednostavne sekvence) kod graha. U posljednjih 25 godina, grah je bio predmetom brojnih genetskih istrazivanja u kojima je provedena identifikacija i upotreba SSR-ova sto je dovelo do razvoja genetskih karata. Prve genetske karte graha su razvijene u 1990-ima i bile su bazirane na razlicitim molekularnim biljezima, a ukljucivale su gene koji su povezani uz udomacenje i vazna agronomska svojstva. Kasnije su SSR-ovi omogucili genetsko kartiranje krizanaca koji su cesto od interesa u oplemenjivanju bilja. Vecina genetskih karata povezana je s osnovnom genetskom kartom uspostavljenom na rekombinantnoj inbred liniji BAT93 x Jalo EEP558, koja ukljucuje razlicite biljege kao sto su RFLP (polimorfizam duzine restrikcijskih ulomaka), RAPD (nasumicno umnozena polimorfna DNA), AFLP (polimorfizam duzine umnozenih ulomaka) te SSR-ove. Vise od 2 000 SSR biljega je dostupno za grah i oni su vazan alat za procjenu genetske raznolikosti tradicijskih kultivara graha. SSR-ovi su takoder korisni za procjenu unutarvrsne raznolikosti unutar roda Phaseolus. Kljucne rijeci: grah, genetska raznolikost, genetske karte, mikrosatelitni biljezi
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